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    Effect of the first wave of COVID-19 on Poison Control Centre activities in 21 European countries: an EAPCCT initiative
    (Informa UK Limited, 2022-10)
    Hondebrink, L
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    Zammit, M
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    Høgberg, L C G
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    Hermanns-Clausen, M
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    Lonati, D
    Background: Public health emergencies often affect Poison Control Centre (PCC) operations. We examined possible effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on call volume, call characteristics, and workload in European PCCs. Method: All 65 individual European PCCs were requested to supply data on the number of calls and call characteristics (caller, age groups, reason and specific exposures) from March to June in 2018, 2019, and 2020 (Part 1). Number of calls with specific characteristics was normalised to all calls. Calls (N) and call characteristics (%) were compared between 2020 and 2018/2019 (average), within PCCs/ countries and grouped. Correlation between call volume and COVID-19 cases per PCC/country was examined. All PCCs received a survey on workload (Part 2). Parts 1 and 2 were independent. Results: For Part 1, 36 PCCs (21 countries) supplied 26 datasheets. PCCs in the UK and in France merged data and supplied one datasheet each with national data. Summed data showed an increase of 4.5% in call volume from 228.794 in 2018/2019 (average) to 239.170 in 2020 (p<0.001). Within PCCs/countries, calls significantly increased for 54% of PCCs/countries (N¼14/26) and decreased for 19% (N¼5/26), three of which (N¼3/5) only serve medical professionals. Correlation between call volume and COVID-19 cases was (non-significant) positive (Rho >0.7) in 5/26 PCCs/countries (19%), and negative in 6/26 (23%). Call characteristics (median proportion of grouped data in 2018/2019 vs. 2020) changed: fewer medical professionals called (40 vs. 34%, p<0.001), calls on intentional exposures decreased (20 vs. 17%, p<0.012), as did calls on patients between 13 and 17years (5 vs. 4%, p<0.05). Calls on specific exposures increased; disinfectants from 1.9 to 5.2%, and cleaning products from 4.4 to 5.7% (p<0.001). For Part 2, 38 PCCs (24 countries) filled the survey on workload (number/ length of shifts and time on PCC duties), which increased in 23/38 PCCs (61%), while 10/38 (26%) worked with fewer employees. Conclusions: Obtaining aggregated European PCC data proved challenging but showed an increase in overall call volume and workload during the first COVID-19 wave. Call characteristics changed including fewer calls from professionals and more calls on specific exposures. Within single PCCs/countries a variety of effects was observed.
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    Arsenic in drinking water – case study in Gevgelija
    (2022)
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    This paper analyses the situation of arsenic concentration in drinking water from the city water supply system in Gevgelija for the period 2011–2019. Under the slopes of Kozuv, the groundwater carries with them to the source of water supply, inorganic arsenic originating from the rocks themselves. A series of sampling of drinking water was performed and it was observed that in the drinking water samples from the drilled well area “Moin” the concentrations of arsenic were increased above the MAC by 10 μg/l, while samples from the Vardar well were within the permissible limits. The Institute of Public Health of the Republic of North Macedonia submitted to the Directorate of Food at the Ministry of Health an opinion on urgent measures to prevent the possible risk of arsenic through drinking water for the health of the population of the city of Gevgelija and the surrounding areas (about 20 000 inhabitants). The aim of paper was to assess the risk through analyses and evaluation of level of arsenic in drinking water, which is important for prevention of arsenic-related disease by providing safe drinking water from new wells from other side of the river Vardar.
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    ИНФОРМИРАНОСТ НА ПОПУЛАЦИЈАТА ЗА ГЛОБАЛНИОТ ПРОБЛЕМ СО КЛИМАТСКИТЕ ПРОМЕНИ
    (Institute of Public Health of the Republic of North Macedonia, 2019-04-06)
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    Михаил Кочубовски
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    Анета Костова
    The EU Health Strategy „Together for Health“ acknowledged climate change as a health threat and stressed the role of the European Community to coordinate and respond rapidly to health threats globally and strengthen the capacities of countries (European Commission, 2008). The aim of the study was to determine the level of awareness of the population about the problem with the global climate change and the measures undertaken by the responsible bodies to handle the climate change. Material and methods: A pilot survey was conducted in December 2018 in the Republic of Macedonia by applying a questionnaire, which was an adapted version of the survey questionnaire (‚climate change‘ version 1), translated in Macedonian language and distributed on an interactive online platform. A total of 130 respondents answered the questionnaire. Results: The largest percentage (90.2%) of the respondents said air pollution was first thing they associated with the climate change, followed by the traffic density (41.7%) and waste management (41.7%). When it comes to responsibility, the National Government (33.8%) has the highest responsibility in comparison with international organizations (20%). Conclusion: The study has shown that there is certain level of awareness among the population concerning climate change and associated phenomena such as traffic density, fires and floods, but also strong campaigns has to be undertaken in order to raise public awareness.
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    The prioritization of zoonoses in the Republic of North Macedonia – Do we need one health approach
    (Institute of Public Health of the Republic of North Macedonia, 2021-09-25)
    Blazho Janevski
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    Vladimir Mikikj
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    Vasilka Poposka-Treneska
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    Noise induced sleep disturbance in adult population: Cross sectional study in Skopje urban centre
    (Institute od Immunobiology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University "Ss Kiril and Metodij", Skopje, 2009-09-15)
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    Vera Petrova
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    Aim. To evaluate sleep disturbance caused by environmental noise in residents of Skopje urban centre and to quantify the probability for sleep disturbance related to night-time noise exposure. Methods. Cross sectional study with noise measurements for determination of noise exposure indicator Lnight. A randomised sample was selected from adult population and directly interviewed with questionnaire for assessment of sleep disturbance. Results. 510 questionnaires were collected and the response rate was 72%, 8% of the population sample reported a high level of sleep disturbance and 18% reported a moderate level of sleep disturbance. The most frequent sources of noise were neighbourhood and road traffic. The most disturbed age group were individuals 51-65 years old, who were significantly more disturbed (p=0.010) than the age group of 41-50 years old. Differences in sleep disturbance were significant only for the group exposed to Lnight ≥ 56 dBA (Wald = 4.31; p = 0.04). Exposure to Lnight above 56 dBA had OR = 2.2 (95% CI 1.1 - 4.7) or double significant increase probability for sleep disturbance, compared with control group of subjects exposed to Lnight ≤ 45 dBA. Conclusion. Night time noise exposure above the established limit values significantly increased the risk for sleep disturbance. These findings induce necessity for reducing noise exposure, especially during night-time and for taking preventive measures.
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    ЈАВНОЗДРАВСТВЕНИ АСПЕКТИ НА ФОНОЛОШКО АРТИКУЛАТИВНИТЕ НАРУШУВАЊА КАЈ ДЕЦА ВО ПРЕДУЧИЛИШНА ВОЗРАСТ – ПРЕГЛЕД НА ЛИТЕРАТУРА
    (INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA, 2019-04-06)
    Grigorova, Evgenija
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    Speech communication is complex and is based on the integrity of the central nervous system (CNS) function, as well as the speech mechanisms that are conditioned and controlled by an auditory perception, verbal memory, intellectual activity, but also by the peripheral speech apparatus. If there is a deviation from this integrated complex system in its perfect functioning, speech disorders occur. The aim of the paper was to make a literature review that provides scientific evidence of the most frequent phonological articulation disorders in pre-school children and their public health impact. Materials and Methods: Search in the available databases, such as Pubmed, Google scholar, as well as a review of the references in the papers, doctoral dissertations and master thesis. The following search terms were used: speech, language, disorders, dysphasia, dyslalia, aphasia, public health. Results: A total of  90 abstracts were found, all of them were read and 15 were selected as appropriate for the purpose of our research, as well as in extenso papers that were found and analyzed for this review. Conclusions: According to the available scientific evidence, the development of speech and language is a useful indicator of the overall development of the child, and the cognitive ability is related to the success of the school, and therefore the academic development. This rationale supports pre-school speech and language screening as a part of the basic language routine care for children. Public health impact will be reduced through timely diagnosis, prompt detection, prevention and removal of all factors leading to permanent speech disorders.
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    Functional Foods in Macedonia: Consumers’ Perspective and Public Health Policy
    (ID Design 2012/DOOEL Skopje, 2013-12-15)
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    Milosevic, Jasna
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    Kendrovski, Vladimir
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    Naunova-Spiroska, Daniela
    Background: The objective of our study was to explore the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Macedonian consumers towards functional foods, to predict future trends and to assess the national public health policies encompassing the functional foods market. Methods: Total of 518 respondents aged 18+, from all regions in the country participated in the study. They were sampled through three-staged national representative sampling procedures. The questionnaire comprised questions regarding the level of information about functional foods, trust in health claims, frequency of consumption and knowledge and attitudes related to those foods. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. Results: Respondents aged 18-34 were more informed compared to the total population (22 and 16 % respectively, p<0.05). Most of the consumers consume these products once a day. Employed consumers were willing to increase daily consumption from 3 to 18 % (p<0.05). On average 65.1% of the statements assessing knowledge were answered correctly. On a scale from -3 to +3 functional foods were considered as very healthy (mean=2.03, SD=1.42). Conclusion: On average, Macedonian consumers have a positive attitude and high expectations of functional foods. Public health policies still lag when compared to comprehensive approach of the food industry in market placement of these products.