Faculty of Medicine

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SOCIAL DIMENSION OF SMOKING WITHIN YOUNG POPULATION
(Македонско лекарско друштво = Macedonian Medical Association, 2017-06-01)
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I. Brchina
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G. Pejchinovski
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P. Malinska
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Sh. Musa
Introduction According to the Strategy for Tobacco Control in order to provide and improve health protection of the population of the Republic of Macedonia, and a number of international documents, basic strategic directions are that the health is the most important investment in the social and economic development of the community, and epidemic of smoking presents an increasing threat to people’s health. It is considered that there are 1.3 billion smokers worldwide, and current projections of the WHO show that this number will rise to 1.7 billion smokers by 2025, if the global prevention of tobacco use remains unchanged. Objectives The goal of this research is to determine the knowledge and views of the young people in the Republic of Macedonia concerning the use of tobacco, its influence on the social environment as a certain socio-pathological phenomenon or risk factor for certain diseases of the people. Materials and Methods The survey was conducted in the following municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia: Centar, Karpos, Gazi Baba, Kisela Voda, Cair, Aerodrom, Gorce Petrov and Butel in the city of Skopje, then municipalities Prilep, Kumanovo, Struga and Gostivar. Random sample. Target groups: young people at the age from 15 to 22. Research tools: a survey questionnaire no. 1. Subjects from sample were divided into 2 groups: subjects who smoked and those who did not smoke. Following statistical tests were applied: Pearson Chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, Mann-Whitney, Spearmanov Rank Correlations, Pearson-ov koeficient na korelacija. Results Boys smoke significantly more than girls (X2= 13.3 df=1 p<0.0003). Among students smokers are significantly dominant (56.71%). Ethnic background of the young smokers/non-smokers corresponds with the population structure. Young people try their first cigarette at the age of 14-16 (r = .12744). Young people smoke everywhere (Dmax = 0.11 p>0.05). Young people smoke every day (86.59%). Young people usually smoke 5-10 cigarettes a day and they buy them at the news-stands. Young people in the R.M. rarely do sports (only 34.15%). Young people at the age of 15-20 usually smoke while they listen to music, while young people at the age of 21-22 usually smoke while they watch TV. More than half of the subjects think that the community they live in is a good place for living. Reasons for smoking are: habit, family problems, love problems, school, peer pressure, etc. There are no significant differences with regard to this question in municipalities. Conclusion In general, young people in Macedonia think that their peers who smoke are not well accepted by the community. Young people in Republic of Macedonia are well informed on smoking as a social-pathological phenomenon, and also that smoking is a risk factor for certain diseases.
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Social and medical aspects of smoking at the adolescent age in Republic of Macedonia
(Македонско лекарско друштво = Macedonian Medical Association, 2012-04-26)
Malinska, P
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Pejcinovski, G
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Brcina,I
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Introduction: The health is the most important investment in the social and economic development of the community. Goal: epidemic of smoking presents an increasing threat At the Adolescent Age health in Republic of Macedonia Material and method: Prospective survey research was conducted with survey questionnaire.Random sample. Target groups: young people at the age from 15 to 22. Subjects from both samples were divided into 2 groups: subjects who smoked and those who did not smoke. Results and Discussion: Boys smoke significantly more than girls (X2 = 13.3 df=1 p<0.0003). Young people try their first cigarette at the age of 14-16 (r = .12744). Young people smoke everywhere (Dmax = 0.11 p>0.05). Young people think that selling tobacco products to under age children should be banned (X2 = 10.13 df =1 p<0.0014). In Education of the mother of the subjects has influence on them so that they would not start smoking (Dmax = 0.18 p<0.05). The families of the young smokers damages that come from smoking are rarely discussed. In general, young people in Macedonia think that their peers who smoke are not well accepted by the community. More than half of the subjects think that the community they live in is a good place for living. Reasons for smoking are: habit, family problems, love problems, school, peer pressure, etc. Conclusions: Young people in Republic of Macedonia are well informed on smoking as a social-pathological phenomenon, and also that smoking is a risk factor for certain diseases. Regarding the young people’s views on smoking in the family, they consider mother to be the pillar of the family, and that she can considerably influence them to quit smoking. In general, young people in Macedonia think that their peers who smoke are not well accepted by the community.
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Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the workplace in Macedonia: where are we now?
(Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2008-06)
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Risteska-Kuc, Snezana
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To assess the prevalence and the level of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the workplace after the enactment of the law restricting indoor smoking in Macedonia, we performed a cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire study including 372 never-smoking workers recruited from six workplaces. We found a high prevalence of workers exposed to ETS in the workplace (27.4 %) with no significant difference between particular occupation groups. We found no significant difference in the prevalence of passive smokers in the workplace between this study and our study conducted before the law was enacted (31.5 % vs. 27.4 %, P=0.324). The prevalence of workers exposed to ETS for less than three hours a day was significantly lower than of passive smokers with longer exposure (28.4 % vs. 71.6 %, P=0.038). The prevalence of workers exposed to ETS from less than 10 cigarettes smoked by coworkers per day was lower than the prevalence of workers with higher exposure, but statistical significance was not reached (37.9 % vs. 62.1 %, P=0.087). Our findings indicate a high prevalence and a high level of exposure to ETS in the workplace, which calls for stricter adherence to smoking-free legislation or even the total ban of smoking in the workplace.
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Подобрување на човековите права во здравствената заштита во Република Македонија
(INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA/Hosted by Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, 2019)
Мухамед Таири
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The rights of patients are based on the general human rights and are an im-portant segment in the process of „Europeanization“ of the Republic of Macedonia. The main goal of this study was to analyze the legislative framework of human rights in the health care in the Republic of Macedonia and its implementation in practice. Material and methods: The study was designed as a descriptive-analytical cross sectional study, in which a public health approach, an information-analytical method and evidence synthesis method were applied for the analysis of the relevant legislation. A survey was conducted on a representative stratified sample of patients in the Polog Region in the period from October to November 2017 in the Clinical Hospi-tal Tetovo and the General Hospital Gostivar. Results: The legal system of the Republic of Macedonia was analyzed and compared with 6 transition countries, which had undergone a series of substantial reforms in recent years. The legislative framework in the Republic of Macedonia is a compre-hensive frame for protection of patients’ rights, with which the patient is guaranteed legal rights in the process of treatment, respect and protection of his/her personality and integrity. The implementation of patients‘ rights in practice in this paper was analyzed by implementation of two rights of pa-tients: the right on information about the recommended medical interventions and the right to accept and reject certain medical intervention. 85.2% of the interviewed patients had information on the right to information about the recommended medical interventions, and 14.8% didn’t have. 72.1% of the interviewed patients had personal experience for this right, and 27.9% didn’t have. Regarding the right to accept and reject certain medical interven-tion, 77% of the interviewed patients had information on this right, while 23% didn’t have. Personal experience was significantly smaller with this right, i.e. only 32.8% of the interviewed patients had personal experience, and 67.2% didn’t have. These differences were significant for both rights, for information and for personal experience. Conclusions: The human rights in the health care in the Republic of Macedonia are reflected in the national legislation, which is harmonized with the European and international legisla-tion. However, it is necessary to improve the implementation of patients‘ rights in practice by raising the citizens‘ awareness about the knowledge of patients‘ rights and encouraging medical staff to respect the rights of patients and their compulsory application in practice. /Правата на пациентите произлегуваат од општите човекови права и се важен сегмент во процесот на ,,европеизација“ на Република Македонија. Главна цел на оваа студија беше да се анализира легислативната рамка на човековите права во здравствената заштита во Република Македонија и имплементацијата во пракса. Материјал и методи: Студијата е дизајнирана како дескриптивно–аналитичка студија на пресек, во која беше применет јавноздравствен пристап, информатичко-аналитичен метод и метод на синтеза на евиденција (evi-dence synthesis) за анализа на релевантната легислатива. Беше спроведено анкетно истражување на репрезентативен стратифициран примерок на пациенти во Полошкиот Регион, во период од два месеци, октомври-ноември во 2017 година, во Клиничката болница во Тетово и Општата болница во Гостивар. Резултати: Беше анализиран правниот систем на Република Македонија и беше спореден со 6 држави во транзиција, кои претрпеа низа суштински реформи во последниве години. Легислативната рамка во Република Македонија претставува сеопфатна рамка за заштита на правата на пациентот, со која на пациентот му се загарантирани законски права во процесот на лекувањето, почитувањето и заштитата на неговата личност и интегритет. Во овој труд имплементацијата на правата на пациентите во пракса беше анализирана преку имплементацијата на две права на пациентите, и тоа: право на информираност за препорачаните медицински интервенции и право на прифаќање и одбивање на определена медицинска интервенција. 85,2% од анкетираните пациенти имале информации за правото на информираност за препорачаните медицински интервенции, а 14,8% немале. 72,1% од анкетираните пациенти имале лично искуство за ова право, додека 27,9% немале. Во однос на правото на прифаќање и одбивање на определена медицинска интервенција, 77% од анкетираните пациенти имале информации за ова право, а 23% немале. Значително помало беше личното искуство за ова право, односно само 32,8% од анкетираните пациенти имале лично искуство, а 67,2% немале. Разликите беа сигнификантни во одговорите за двете права, и за информацијата и за личното искуство. Заклучок: Човековите права во здравствената заштита во Република Македонија се рефлектирани во националната легислатива која е хармонизирана со европската и меѓународната. Меѓутоа, потребно е подобрување на имплементацијата на правата на пациентите во пракса, преку подигнување на свеста на граѓаните за познавање на правата на пациентите и поттикнување на медицинскиот персонал за почитување на правата на пациентите и нивна задолжителна примена во пракса.

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