Faculty of Medicine

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    Programmed death-ligand 1 expression in triple negative breast cancer
    (Springer, 2019-09)
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    Background & Objectives: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) account for 10-20% of all breast subtypes and are associated with poor prognosis. There is no approved targeted therapy for these patients, yet. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression has been identified in different cancers achieving good results with immunotherapy. There is limited data reporting the PD-L1 expression in TNBC. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of PD‑L1 in TNBC patients and to analyse the relationship between PD‑L1 expression and clinicopathological features of the patients. Methods: Paraffin tissue blocks from 19 TNBC patients were used. PD-L1 immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal mouse anti-PD-L1, Clone 22C3. Expression of PD-L1 was correlated with clinicopathological features. Tumours were defined as PD-L1 positive if there was membranous expression in ≥ 1% of tumour cells. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 56 (range 33-74). PD-L1 was expressed in 7 (36, 8%) of the patients. Six of the patients showed low PD-L1 expression (3-20%) and only one patient showed high expression (>50%). The PD-L1 expression showed no significant correlation with clinicopathological parameters. Although statistically not significant (p>0,05), PD-L1 was more often expressed in high grade tumours with larger size, high clinical stage and mutated p53. Conclusion: Expression of PD-L1 was found in more than one third of TNBC and correlated with poor prognostic factors. PD‑L1 may be a significant marker for predicting prognosis of TNBC patients. These data need to be confirmed in larger study group.
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    Immunological Outcomes of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy in Food Allergy
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2020)
    Schoos, Ann-Marie Malby
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    Bullens, Dominique
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    Chawes, Bo Lund
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    Costa, Joana
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    De Vlieger, Liselot
    IgE-mediated food allergies are caused by adverse immunologic responses to food proteins. Allergic reactions may present locally in different tissues such as skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract and may result is systemic life-threatening reactions. During the last decades, the prevalence of food allergies has significantly increased throughout the world, and considerable efforts have been made to develop curative therapies. Food allergen immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach for food allergies that is based on the administration of increasing doses of culprit food extracts, or purified, and sometime modified food allergens. Different routes of administration for food allergen immunotherapy including oral, sublingual, epicutaneous and subcutaneous regimens are being evaluated. Although a wealth of data from clinical food allergen immunotherapy trials has been obtained, a lack of consistency in assessed clinical and immunological outcome measures presents a major hurdle for evaluating these new treatments. Coordinated efforts are needed to establish standardized outcome measures to be applied in food allergy immunotherapy studies, allowing for better harmonization of data and setting the standards for the future research. Several immunological parameters have been measured in food allergen immunotherapy, including allergen-specific immunoglobulin levels, basophil activation, cytokines, and other soluble biomarkers, T cell and B cell responses and skin prick tests. In this review we discuss different immunological parameters and assess their applicability as potential outcome measures for food allergen immunotherapy that may be included in such a standardized set of outcome measures.