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    Association between foetal growth and different maternal metabolic characteristics in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
    (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts/De Gruyter, 2009-12)
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    Velkoska Nakova, Valentina
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    Adamova, Gordana
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    Dimitrovski, Chedomir
    Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the association between foetal growth and different maternal metabolic characteristics in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: The study group included 200 consecutive pregnant women who attended the Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Outpatient Department in the period from 02.2006 to 02.2009 with singleton pregnancy and GDM diagnosed following ADA criteria. The following parameters were studied: pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI), 3-hours 100g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), total lipids (TL), total cholesterol (TH), triglycerides (TG), HDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels at admission. Neonatal birth weight and the prevalence of being large for gestational age (LGA) was an end-point. Results: We found a significant association between birth weight and pre-pregnancy BMI, HDL-C and birth weight of a large child born previously. Birth weight of a large child born previously was the strongest independent predictor for LGA. The prevalence of LGA (from 27% to 80%) was related to a number of altered maternal characteristics. Conclusion: Pre-pregnancy BMI, HDL-C and birth weight of a large child born previously are the independent predictors for LGA, but results of glucose levels during OGTT are not useful in the prediction of LGA in GDM pregnancies. Probably more factors and other maternal metabolic parameters than glucose levels during OGTT are responsible for the risk of LGA.
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    Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - the impact of maternal body mass index and glycaemic control on baby's birth weight
    (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts/De Gruyter, 2009-12)
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    Janevska, E
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    Objectives. To asses the influence of the maternal BMI and glycaemic control in women with GDM on the baby's birth weight (BW). Material and methods: We analysed 180 women with GDM. Macrosomia has been defined as BW > 4000 gm, small for gestational age < 2700 gm and appropriate for gestational age between both. According to the baby´s BW the pregnant women were divided into three groups: group 1 (G1) with BW < 2700 gm (n = 26); group 2 (G2) with BW between 2700 to 4000 gm (n = 117), and group 3 (G3) with BW > 4000 gm (n = 37). We also analysed BMI (kg/m²), HbA1c (%), PPG (mmol/L) and time of delivery (WG). Results: Comparisons between G1 and G2 showed: BMI (30.7 ± 5 & 31 ± 5.2; p < 0.7), HbA1c (6.4 ± 0.8 & 5.1 ± 0.8, p < 0.002), PPG (8.2 ± 1.7 & 6.9 ± 1.5, p < 0.02), time of delivery (35.2 ± 3.8 & 38.6 ± 1.5, p < 0.0001) and BW (2289 ± 504 & 3474 ± 334, p < 0.0001). Comparisons between G2 and G3 showed: BMI (31 ± 5. 2 & 33.4 ± 6.1; p < 0.02), HbA1c (5.2 ± 1.1 & 6.4 ± 2.3, p < 0.02), PPG (6.9 ± 1.5 & 8.2 ± 1.9, p < 0.02), time of delivery (38.6 ± 1.5 & 39.3 ± 1.4, p < 0.01) and BW (3474 ± 334 & 4431 ± 302, p < 0.0001). Comparisons between G1 and G3 showed the difference at delivery time and the baby's BW (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Maternal obesity and PPG contribute to macrosomia and also PPG to SGE.
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    Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and diabetes type 1
    (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts/De Gruyter, 2010-12)
    Velkoska Nakova, Valentina
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    Dimitrovski, Chedomir
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    The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of abnormal thyroid function and antithyroid antibodies during pregnancy in women with diabetes type 1 and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
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    Early Neonatal Morbidity Associated with Maternal Gestational Diabetes
    (Department of Anaesthesia and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, R.N. Macedonia, 2024-09)
    Djordjevikj, Aleksandra
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    Ivanov, Emilija
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    Mehmedovikj, Nadica
    Introduction: Any degree of glucose intolerance with onset in pregnancy is referred to as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It is present in 10% of all pregnancies, it has an increasing tendency and represents a risk factor for the mother, pregnancy and fetus. The aim of the paper is to determine the mutuality of the most common disorders in newborns from mothers with GDM, compared to the control group of newborns, from pregnancies without gestational diabetes in our maternity hospital. Material and methods: Retrospective study, performed at the University Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, in the period from 01.01. to 30.05.2024. The study included mothers with GDM, their newborns, as well as a control group of newborns and mothers without GDM. We evaluated maternal age, body weight, type of diabetes and comorbidities, maternal therapy, family history, way of delivery, Apgar scores, need for resuscitation, birth weight and maturity of the newborn, respiratory adaptation of the newborn, glycemia and needs for correction, hematocrit, Calcium, bilirubin, sucking reflex, jaundice. Results: The study included 60 parturients, 30 with GDM and 30 parturients without diabetes. In the group of mothers with GDM, the mean age was 33.6 (20%), they had a positive family history of diabetes and hypertension, 26 (87%) were obese, 12 (40%) had high blood pressure, 25 (83%) gave birth by caesarean section. 33% of their newborns were premature, 33% hypertrophic, 13% had hypoglycemia, 10% in need of oxygen support during the adaptation period, 7% with hypocalcemia, 27% with prolonged hyperbilirubinemia. A weaker sucking reflex and weaker muscle tone were noted in half of the newborns of mothers with GDM. Conclusion: With an increase in glucose intolerance and obesity in the young female population in the fertile period, GDM occurs as a frequent pathology after they become pregnant. Early screening in pregnancy plays a big role in reducing the consequences.