Faculty of Medicine

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    UMBILICAL CORD CORTISOL LEVELS IN NEWBORNS DEPENDING ON GENDER AND MODE OF DELIVERY
    (Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2025-04)
    Martinovska, Iskra
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    Laban Gucheva, Nevenka
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    Izairi, Pranvera
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    One of the most stressful experiences for a newborn is the act of childbirth, and multiple studies have confirmed increased levels of cortisol and catecholamines in the blood of newborns immediately after spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD). In contrast, completing the birth by elective cesarean section (SC) should be far less stressful for the newborn, presenting with lower cortisol levels. A prospective clinical study measuring serum cortisol levels in umbilical cord blood samples was conducted at the Mother Teresa Hospital in Skopje, and 88 samples were obtained for analysis. The aim was to compare cortisol levels in healthy and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns, depending on gender and mode of delivery. The results showed a mean cortisol level of 93.41 [95%CI 82.72 – 104.10]. In infants born via SVD, the mean cortisol level was significantly higher, with a mean value of 118.13 [95%CI 102.77 – 133.50], than in those born via SC in which the mean cortisol level was 70.83 [95%CI 59.19 – 82.47], with a statistically significant difference (p<0.0001). There was no significant difference between cortisol levels when grouping was done by gender (p=0.424). According to the results and comparative literature, we can say that the level of cortisol in the umbilical cord, as well as its dependence on the method of delivery, can be a good early indicator of the stress experienced during pregnancy and birth process.
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    Effects of age and gender on concentration of lipid parameters and glucose in elderly patients
    (Македонско лекарско друштво = Macedonian medical association, 2024-12)
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    Srbinovska, Hristina
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    Angelovska, Tamara
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    Objective: Lipids have significant biochemical functions, but their excess can also be a high-risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Glucose levels, diabetes and as well aging seriously contribute in increasing the prevalence of CVD. The main aim of the study is to analyze the correlation between age and gender with the concentration of lipid parameters and glucose in elderly patients. Material and methods: A total of 50 patients selected from the Medical Biochemistry Laboratory in Bitola were included in the study. Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and fasting blood glucose levels were measured quantitatively using standard methods. Results were evaluated to identify a potential association between age, gender and blood glucose as well as lipid parameters. Results: The selected group consisted in 50 patients, of whom 24 (48%) males and 26 (52%) females. The age ranged between 55 and 83 years old, with a median age of 72. The median value of each was as follows: triglycerides 1,614 mmol/l (ranging 0.5-5.9 mmol/l), cholesterol 5.464 mmol/l (ranging 3.3-7.7 mmol/l) and glucose 6.85 mmol/l (ranging 4.8-13.4 mmol/l). We compared the parameters regarding gender and age. No correlation was found when comparing the age and value of triglycerides or cholesterol, while regarding the glucose status, Pearson`s correlation was not statistically significant (p=0.06). Chi-squared test regarding the gender and the normal or results above the reference value showed a statistical significance regarding the triglycerides status and gender (p=0.011). There was no statistical significance regarding gender and results of cholesterol and glucose levels. Conclusion: Our results show a plausible correlation between these parameters and the gender of the patients. Considering the increasing age, decreasing levels of hormones especially estrogen in women, factors such as lifestyle and habits, regular checkups are required.
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    SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LUNG CANCER PATIENTS IN NORTH MACEDONIA
    (Macedonian Association of Anatomists, 2024-04)
    Dimitrievska, Ljubica
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    Stefanoska, Julijana
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    Nehteparova, Meliha
    Lung cancer disease is one of the most common causes of mortality in the world, coming right after cardiovascular diseases. It is a big and is a special problem in the highly developed countries, especially in the USA, but also in developing countries. The reason for the research is the fact that the number of newly diagnosed and death cases from lung cancer is constantly growing, especially in the last few years. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of socio-demographic factors in the occurrence of lung cancer(gender, age, national and ethnic origin, place of residence) and smoking as the main risk factor associated with this neoplasm. The research is a descriptive study in which 82 patients with pathohistological confirmed lung cancer participated. It was implemented at the Institute for Oncology and Radiotherapy at the clinical center in Skopje for a period of 3 months. A total of 82 patients were registered from Institute for Oncology and Radiotherapy in Skopje, North Macedonia who were diagnosed with primary lung cancer. Of all, 64.7% of them were males and 35.3% were females. Histologically, 51.2% had adenocarcinoma, 25.6 had squamous cell carcinoma, 20.7% had small cell carcinoma and 7.4% had no small cell carcinoma. It was observed that the proportion of females diagnosed with primary lung cancer is increasing. Patients get diagnosed at a later stage of the disease, which calls for screening and early detection of lung cancer.