Faculty of Medicine

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    Ethnic differences in nutritional status in adolescents from Republic of North Macedonia
    (Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2024-10-24)
    Stojnoska Bojadzieva, Biljana
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    The aim of the study was to evaluateethnic differences of nutritional status among the adolescents from Republic of North Macedonia. This study included 2386 adolescents (1762 of Macedonian ethnic group and 624 of Albanian ethnic group) of both sexes, at the age from 11 to 18 years.Body height and weight were measured using standard equipment and measurement technique. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated (kg/m2)as anthropometric indicator for evaluating nutritional status in adolescents. We found ethnic differences in nutritional status in both male and female adolescents of both Macedonian and Albanian ethnic group. The percent of underweightadolescentsin the first group at the age from 11 to 14 years and in the second group at the age from 15 to 18 years was higher in Albanian adolescents in both sexes. On the other hand males and females of Macedonian ethnic group werewith higher percent with risk of obesityand overweightwith BMI≥95th percentile. There were statisticallysignificant differences in nutritional status in adolescents of both ethnic groups in Republic of North Macedoniaand the obtained values in our study are recommended to be applied for better understanding of deviations in growth and nutrition in both ethnic groups.
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    Indicators of abdominal obesity: waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio in adolescence of North Macedonia
    (Macedonian Association of Anatomists, 2021-04-02)
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    Obesity in children and adolescents in the world is reaching a scale of an epidemic. It is considered the most widespread disease in children in many countries, especially in developed countries. The aim of this study was to define WC and WHR among Macedonian adolescents aged 11 to 14 years. A cross-sectional study was performed in 2013-2015, comprising a sample of 1267 adolescents of the Republic of Macedonia aged 11 to 14 years; 646 males and 621 females. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were measured and percentiles were calculated using Cole’s Lambda, Mu and Sigma (LMS) method. The relation between WHR and general obesity, as defined by the International Obesity Task Force, was investigated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The boys had statistically significant higher values ​​in all anthropometric measures, except in HC where statistically significant gender differences were not found. BMI, WC, and HC increased with the age. The obtained reference percentile curves can be used temporarily for obesity screening in children and adolescents.
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    Overweight hypothesis in asthma and eczema in young adolescents
    (Elsevier BV, 2006)
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    Stavric, Katerina
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    Seckova, Lidija
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    Kimovska, Milica
    BACKGROUND: A positive association between body mass index (BMI) and allergic diseases has recently been suggested; however the sex-dependence of this association remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between BMI and asthma and eczema, as well as its sex-dependence in young adolescents. METHODS: Self-reported data obtained through the standardized International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three written questionnaires of 2926 young adolescents aged 13-14 years old from randomly selected schools in Skopje (Republic of Macedonia) were used. The BMI for each individual was calculated and used-both unadjusted and adjusted for confounding factors-as a variable for analysis. The international cut-off points for BMI for overweight and obesity by sex and age were used. Because of the very low prevalence of obesity (1.5 %), obese respondents were included in the overweight group. The data were statistically analyzed by the chi-square test, the t-test for independent samples and odds ratios (OR, 95 % CI) in binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Being overweight was significantly associated with an increased risk of having a dry night cough without a cold or chest infection (adjusted OR: 1.54; 95 % CI: 1.09-2.16; p = 0.01) and with having had self-reported asthma at some time (adjusted OR: 2.36; 95 % CI: 1.02-5.44; p = 0.04) in boys only. A significant association between overweight and other symptoms of asthma or atopic eczema was not established. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a male-specific positive association between overweight and a current dry night cough and having received a diagnosis of asthma at some time. No association was found with other asthma symptoms or atopic eczema in young adolescents.
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    Influence of physical activity and television-watching time on asthma and allergic rhinitis among young adolescents: preventive or aggravating?
    (Elsevier BV, 2008)
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    Stavric, Katerina
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    Seckova, Lidija
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    Kimovska, Milica
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    BACKGROUND: Related to exercise hypothesis, the aim of the present study was to explore the influence of physical activity on asthma and allergic rhinitis in a developing country where publicity campaigns about the benefits of exercise are scarce. METHODS: The analysed data were self-reported and obtained through the standardized International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Three written questionnaires completed by 3026 adolescents 13/14 year old in Skopje (Republic of Macedonia). Vigorous physical activity and television-watching timeboth unadjusted and adjusted for confounding factorswere used as variables for analysis. Odds ratios (OR, 95 % CI) in binary logistic regression were employed for statistic analysis of the data. RESULTS: Vigorous physical activity both > or = 3 times and 1-2 times per week was associated with an increased risk of current wheeze (aOR: 1.66; 1.08-2.55; p = 0.020 and aOR: 1.70; 1.23-2.36; p = 0.001, respectively), speech-limiting wheeze (aOR: 3.15; 1.13-8.77; p = 0.028 and aOR: 4.62; 2.22-9.62; p = 0.000, respectively) and exercise-induced wheeze (aOR: 2.72; 1.93-3.83; p = 0.000 and aOR: 4.01; 3.12-5.14; p = 0.000, respectively). Frequent physical activity was positively associated only with current allergic rhinitis symptoms (aOR: 1.40; 1.04-1.90; p = 0.029). Television watching > or = 3 hours a day increased the risk of current wheeze (aOR: 1.34; 1.01-1.77; p = 0.042) and exercise-induced wheeze (aOR: 1.32; 1.05-1.65; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: The findings support the aggravating role of sedentary regimen and poor physical fitness on asthma symptoms, but not on allergic rhinitis. Physical activity may trigger asthma symptoms when physical fitness is poor and asthma is not controlled.
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    An international comparison of risk factors between two regions with distinct differences in asthma prevalence
    (Elsevier BV, 2018)
    Madani, K
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    Rennie, D C
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    Sears, M
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    Lawson, J A
    Investigation of the geographic variation in asthma prevalence can improve our understanding of asthma etiology and management. The purpose of our investigation was to compare the prevalence of asthma and wheeze among adolescents living in two distinct international regions and to investigate reasons for observed differences.
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    Urban-rural differences in asthma prevalence among young adolescents: The role of behavioural and environmental factors
    (Elsevier BV, 2015)
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    Lawson, J A
    BACKGROUND: Asthma prevalence has been reported to be lower in rural areas compared to urban areas, although this has been inconsistent. This study aims to identify the influence of urban-rural residence on asthma prevalence in adolescents in the Republic of Macedonia and to investigate characteristics that may explain observed associations. METHODS: Following International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood protocol, a national sample of Macedonian urban and rural dwelling adolescents (12-16 years) was recruited in 2006. Self-completed questionnaires were used to collect data on wheeze and asthma as well as personal, environmental and dietary characteristics. Following descriptive and multiple logistic regression analyses, a mediation analysis approach was performed to help explain observed associations. RESULTS: A lower prevalence of current wheeze and ever-diagnosed asthma was observed in rural compared to urban dwelling adolescents (4.9% vs. 7.2% and 1.2% vs. 1.9%, respectively). After adjustment for potential confounders, the associations, although still protective, were not statistically significant (wheeze: OR=0.74, 95%CI=0.46-1.21; asthma: OR=0.97, 95%CI=0.38-2.46). The associations between urban-rural status with current wheeze and asthma were mediated by region of the country (wheeze 9%; asthma 19%) and by diet (>5% change for both wheeze and asthma). Having a dog resulted in a strengthening of the association between urban-rural status and current wheeze by 11.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of asthma and wheeze was lower in rural dwelling Macedonian adolescents and the association was mediated by the region of the country with diet likely to be part of the reason for this mediating effect.