Faculty of Medicine

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    A 5-Step Approach Protocol Using CareLink Therapy Software in Type 1 Diabetes Patients
    (SAGE Publications, 2017-11)
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    We have developed a 5-step approach protocol in interpreting SAP using CareLink. The main objective of this pilot study was to assess the usability of the protocol. The main analysis is based on the Therapy Management Dashboard, where five segments are allocated: (1) basic statistics; (2) glucose and insulin overlay; (3) postprandial period; (4) basal/bolus insulin; (5) suspends and sensor. Possible changes are noted on a printed insulin settings page with evaluation of rationale/physiological insulin. Every segment is analyzed with correlation through others with step by step confirmation of possible change. Thirty-four patients (F 18, M 16), age 15.3 ± 7.7 years with total of 128 CareLink downloads were analyzed on monthly basis in a period of 3 months. The patients profile matched our everyday clinical practice, similar to glucose control on patients using insulin pump reported in several studies.3,4 Our data showed increased insulin total daily dose (TDD), due to fine tuning with more bolus dose than the basal rates. The glucose control was improved (as seen in Table 1) with a decreased hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic patterns.A 5-step approach protocol in interpreting SAP using CareLink is simple, convenient, and efficient and should be assessed on the multicenter level and with a wider population.
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    Social media and diabetes: can Facebook and Skype improve glucose control in patients with type 1 diabetes on pump therapy? One-year experience
    (American Diabetes Association, 2015-04)
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    The aims of the study were to evaluate results from social media (Skype and Facebook) and CareLink software as tools to improve diabetes control in patients with type 1 diabetes using insulin pumps with glucose sensors. To our knowledge, this is the first study where Facebook is used as treatment alternative to regular clinic visits. A total of 56 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, ages 14–23, were randomized in two groups: Regular group and Internet group. The Regular group is composed of 29 patients who were treated using standard medical protocol with regular visits at clinic. Data were uploaded at the clinic and interventions (pump settings, basal bolus insulin, and education) were given to the patient by health care professionals. The Internet group was composed of 27 patients who were treated using CareLink software (Medtronic Diabetes). Data were uploaded by the patient at home and interventions (same as Regular group) were given via Facebook (chats) and Skype (sound and video). Both groups had improved A1C at 12 months (Regular group: 7.7 6 1.6% [61 6 17.5 mmol/mol] at baseline vs. 6.6 6 1.5% [49 6 16.4 mmol/mol] at 12 months; Internet group: 7.8 6 1.9% [62 6 20.8 mmol/mol] at baseline vs. 6.4 6 1.6% [46 6 17.5 mmol/mol] at 12 months, P , 0.05 at 12 months) (Table 1). Internet visits were performed with Facebook (54%), Skype (12%), and both Facebook and Skype (34%). Improvement occurred in the first 6 months and was maintained for 6 additional months. There were no differences in acute complications (diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia events), total daily dose of insulin, and weight change in both groups at 12 months. Personalization, presentation, and participation in social media and health care (5) can be tailored to the priorities of the patient Every Internet visit was personalized with patient needs (appointment date and time) and used active patient participation in the decision-making process of diabetes management. We found that social media use allows patients to gain diabetes knowledge and information and interact in their daily insulin adjustments. Moreover, it could help patients cope better with their daily life. This brief trial suggests that patients prefer to communicate with their health care providers using social media. Facebook and Skype can improve diabetes control similar to regular clinic visits.
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    THERAPEUTIC APPROACH IN RISPERIDONE INDUCED HYPERPOLACTINEMIA
    (2022)
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    Zivkovic, Marija
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    Jovanoska Todorova, Biljana
    A 19-year-old female patient with disturbed menstrual cycles caused by chronic use of risperidone and worsening of her psychological state after the introduction of a dopamine agonist. The 17-year-old patient was diagnosed with dissociative conversion disorder. Therefore, she was placed on therapy with risperidone and lamotrigine. After the introduction of the antipsychotic therapy, the menstrual cycles became irregular. Hormonal studies confirmed high prolactin values of 2226 mIU/ml (40-530), and magnetic resonance (MR) confirmed a pituitary adenoma measuring 4 mm. Therefore, the gynecologist introduced therapy with the dopamine agonist cabergoline, 0.5 mg weekly dose. After a short period, the patient’s psychological state became destabilized, with an irritable, aggressive mood, which was followed by consultations with psychiatrists and frequent changes in antipsychotic therapy. After one year, the antipsychotic aripiprazole was introduced together with valproic acid and lorazepam. After two months, the patient noticed a significant improvement in behavior and mood. In the interim, the dose of cabergoline was reduced to 0.25 mg. The patient was referred to our clinic. Control prolactin values were low and cabergoline was discontinued. And the control MRI of the pituitary gland did not confirm the presence of a microadenoma. Discussion and conclusion: The clinical presentation of hyperprolactinemia affects the therapeutic strategy. Asymptomatic hyperpolactinemia should not be medically treated. In case of long-standing hyperprolactinemia, a pituitary adenoma may appear. Dopamine agonist treatment is risky because it may worsen the psychiatric condition as in our case. There are two strategic approaches in antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: therapy with combined oral contraceptives or treatment with aripiprazole, an antipsychotic that has a dual effect on D2 receptors (agonist/antagonist). Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic that does not cause hyperprolactinemia.
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    Temporary use of glucose sensors in type 1 diabetes patients on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
    (2020)
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    Background and Aims: The aimof this study was to evaluate the impact of temporary use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) on glycemic ontrol in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Methods: The retrospective analysis was performed in patients with T1D on CSII, Minimed 754 (Medtronic, Northridge, CA) with HbA1c>7.5%. Minilink transmitter with Enlite Sensors (Medtronic, Northridge, CA) was used as RT-CGM, which was connected to the CSII for seven days at the beginning, 3 months and 6 months. One-hour training session on how to use the sensor was obtained in all patients prior CGM start. Data was downloaded using CareLink Therapy Management. Software (Medtronic, Northridge, CA) and specific changes in basal and bolus insulin, re-education on carb-counting, physical activity and hypoglycemia/ hyperglycemia were given to the patients. HbA1c was obtained before, 3 months and six months after the study. Results: 76 patients (age 18.4±4.9 years) with diabetes duration of 7.8±2.3 years ans CSII use of 2.7±0.9 years were enrolled in the study. The mean HbA1c decreased from 7.9±0.7% at baseline to 7.1±0.5% at the end of the study (p=0.03). Re-education was performed on the following topics: carb counting 43%, hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia treatment 29% and physical exercise 21% of the patients. Conclusions: Temporary use of CGM can improve glycemic control in T1D patients on CSII. Further investigation on larger groups should be performed to confirm our finding.
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    LONGTERM DEFICIENT CALCIUM INTAKE ASSOCIATION WITH BONE TURNOVER MARKERS, HIP AND SPINE BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
    (2019)
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    Zivkovic, Marija
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    Introduction: Calcium (Ca) deficit is very important risk factor for osteoporosis development and bone turnover markers disturbance. Objective: The influence of long-term Ca deficit on bone turnover, bone loss and osteoporotic risk was determined. Material and methods: Postmenopausal women (n=120) were divided into 3 groups according to their mean Ca intake: 1st gr. with Ca intake <500mg/day, 2nd gr. 500-1000mg/day and 3rd gr. >1000mg/day. Bone resorption marker C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) was determined as well as spine and hip bone mineral density (BMD) and T-score with dual-energy Xray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: CTX levels were 0.58±0.23ng/ml in the 1st gr, 0.48±0.22ng/ml in the 2nd gr. and 0.38±0.22ng/ml in the 3rd gr., and they were significantly different among the groups (p<0.007). Mean hip neck BMD was 0.76±0.08gr/cm2 in the 1st gr, 0.82±0.09gr/cm2 in the 2nd gr, 0.86±0.12 gr/cm2 in the 3rd gr (p<0.022). Mean neck T-score was -1.67±0.81 in the 1st gr, -1.39±0.84 in the 2nd gr and -0.98±1.12 in the 3rd gr (p<0.023). Mean % of hip BMD reduction in the 1st gr was 27.5±11.33%, in the 2nd gr 19.56±10.62% and in the 3rd gr it was 16.5±11.2% (p<0.005). Mean spine BMD in the 1st gr was 0.89±0.14gr/cm2 , in the 2nd gr 0.93±0.15gr/cm2 and in the 3rd gr 1.02±0.1gr/cm2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Long-term lower Ca intake induces increased bone turnover, increased bone resorption with significantly higher CTX levels, significant hip and spine BMD and T-score lower values, indicating increased bone loss and increased osteoporotic risk. Bone turnover markers are important in determining of the osteoporotic risk in postmenopausal women with deficient Ca intake.
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    ANTHROPOMETRIC INDEXES OF VISCERAL OBESITY RELATIONS TO DYSLIPIDEMIC PROFILE IN METABOLIC SYNDROME
    (2019)
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    Zivkovic, Marija
    Introduction: Visceral obesity and dyslipidemia are the main characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. Objective: The relationship of abdominal sagittal diameter to thigh circumference ratio (SD/T) with anthropometric indexes of visceral obesity waist circumference (WC) and waist hip ratio (WHR) was determined as well as their association with lipid levels. Material and methods: Triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (C), HDL and LDL levels, LDL/HDL, C/HDL as well as WC, WHR and SD/T were determined in 250 healthy women divided into 3 groups according to body fat distribution by their WHR values: 1stgr WHR<0.85; 2ndgr WHR (0.85-1.0) and 3rdgr WHR>1.0. Results: SD/T correlated significantly positively with TG and C (p<0.0001), LDL (p<0.006), LDL/HDL and C/HDL (p<0.0001), also with WC and WHR (p<0.0001), and negatively with HDL (p<0.001). WC and SD/T levels were significantly higher in the 3rd gr (125.16±15.26cm; 0.49±0.38) compared to the 2nd gr (109±14cm; 0.39±0.43) and the 1stgr (88±17cm; 0.32±0.37)(p<0.0001). TG levels in the 3rd gr (1.87±0.69ng/ml) were significantly higher compared to the 1st gr (1.03±0.42ng/ml) and the 2ndgr (1.69±0.92ng/ml) (p<0.0001). HDL in the 3 rd gr was (0.95±0.23ng/ml), significantly lower compared to the 1stgr. (1.24±0.27ng/ml) (p<0.001) and 2n dgr (1.07±0.39ng/ml) (p<0.028). LDL, C/HDL, LDL/HDL and C levels were also significantly higher in the 3rdgr. Conclusion: Visceral obesity was characterized with increased values of WHR, WC and SD/T, which were positively related to dyslipidemic profile. Positive relation of SD/T with atherogenic lipids, atherogenic indexes, WHR and WC, and negative relation with HDL, confirmed it as an important anthropometric diagnostic parameter of visceral obesity in metabolic syndrome.
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