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METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS) AS ONE OF THE MAJOR COMORBIDITIES OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
(Association of pulmologists from Republika Srpska, 2023-05)
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Baloski, Marjan
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Bushev, Jane
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Mickovski, Ivana
Aim: We aimed to investigate the association between COPD and MetS, the relation to the severity of airflow limitation. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study including 220 patients with initially diagnosed COPD (IG), aged 40 to 75 years and 58 non-COPD subjects matched by age, smoking status, body mass index, as controls (CG). All study participants underwent anthropometric measurements, fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, pulmonary evaluation (dyspnea severity assessment, baseline and postbronchodilator spirometry, gas analyses, chest X-ray). Results: Results presented statistically significant difference in presence of MetS in COPD patients compared to controls (32.27% vs 10.34%; P=0.0009). According to the GOLD classification, the frequencies of MetS in COPD patients were categorized in stages I, II, III, IV (17.54%, 37.10%, 34.62%, 40.82%, respectively). The proportion of patients with increased glycemic values was: a) GOLD1 - 18 (31.58%); b) GOLD 2 - 32 (51.61%); c) GOLD3 - 29 (55.77%); and d) GOLD4 - 31 (63.27%). There was no significant difference between IG and CG patients regarding HDL level. According to arterial hypertension the highest proportion was observed in GOLD3 - 22 (42.31%) followed by GOLD4 - 20 (40.82%), and GOLD3 - 22 (35.48 %), smallest in GOLD1 - 17 (29.82%). Conclusion: We found higher prevalence of MetS in patients with COPD even in early COPD stages compared to non-COPD. Our findings suggest an urgent need to develop comprehensive strategies for prevention, screening and start of treatment in early stage.
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Case report: Primary hyperparathyroidism due to mediastinal parathyroid adenoma
(Nizameddin KOCA, 2022-10-17)
Milosheska, Radmila
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Mickovski, Ivana
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Crcareva, Biljana
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<jats:p xml:lang="en">Primary hyperparathyroidism is defined by elevated parathyroid hormone and calcium levels, most usually caused by a parathyroid adenoma. Parathyroid adenomas are most commonly detected in the neck or an ectopic site, seldom in the mediastinum. The parathyroid adenoma can occur in ectopic locations such as the mediastinum, thymus, or retro oesophagal area in 6-16% of cases. We presented the example of a 73-year-old woman who was found to have hypercalcemia during a regular test. The patient’s serum calcium (3.11 mmol/L), alkaline phosphatase (162 U/L), parathyroid hormone (PTH: 379 pg/mL) and creatinine (111.6 umol/L) levels were higher than the reference values. A chest computerized tomography scan revealed an anterior mediastinal mass, and nuclear scintigraphy revealed functioning parathyroid tissue in the mediastinum. The mediastinal parathyroid adenoma was effectively removed surgically, and the PTH level began to fall. Any hypercalcemia and high PTH levels in the absence of a parathyroid adenoma in the neck should prompt clinicians to look for ectopic sites using a mix of imaging modalities.</jats:p>
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Is Semaglutide superior than Liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin therapy? - case presentation
(Bioscientifica, 2022-05-07)
Mickovski, Ivana
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Milosheska, Radmila
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Hasan, Taner
Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a chronic and progressive disease associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Insulin remains the cornerstone therapy for longer-duration T2DM and b-cell failure. T2DM is a complex disorder that requires individualized treatment strategies. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a class of multifactorial T2DM medications that have been shown to improve numerous risk factors for diabetes-related complications, including glycemic control, reduction in body weight and a low risk of hypoglycaemia. Case Presentation A 65-year old obese male presented to the outpatient clinic of Endocrinology, 8th September City General Hospital, Skopje for a regular checkup. He has T2DM for a long time and the last 10-15 years was switch on insulin therapy – at the moment was on premix insulin – Insulin Aspart and OAD. He was complaining of variation of glycaemia (5.0-16.5 mmol/l), felling a little bit thirsty, hungry and without energy. He has arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia (medications was prescribe from cardiologist) but could not tolerated any statins. He is a nonsmoker, with two children and retired. Investigations Initial investigation showed HgA1c 55.2 mmol/mol, FPG 9.1 mmol/l, elevated cholesterol (cho -6.8 mmol/l), low density (LDL – 2.8 mmol/l) triglyceride ( Tg - 2.7 mmol/l). His renal and liver functional test were within normal limits. The tests for thyroid functional were also normal. He was 180centimetar tall, 149kg weight and his body mass index (BMI) was 46.0. Echotomography showed steatotic liver, echocardiography and ophthalmic tests were in normal range for his age. Treatment The patient was overweight, hasn’t achieved the optimal glycemic control even though he was on insulin therapy and one of his biggest concerns was his weight , so the medical team decided to add Liraglutide on his diabetes therapy with gradual titration of the dose ( Liraglutide - was started at 0.6mg daily subcutaneously for 1 week and then increased from 1.2 mg to 1.8mg daily). Also he was educated about titration of the dose of the insulin therapy together with additional lifestyle modifications Because of the positive effect from the therapy with once daily GLP-1 RA, and because we wanted to continue with weight loss, but at the same time reduce the everyday subcutaneous therapy we decide to change Sol Liraglutide 1.8mg per day with Sol Semaglutide starting with 0.25mg once a week for 1 month and then titrating the doses till 1mg per week, together with reducing the insulin therapy, metformin 2000mg daily, balance food and physical activity (Table 1). Discussion The objective of this case report was to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of onceweekly semaglutide vs once daily GLP-1 RAs in patient with T2DM inadequately controlled on insulin therapy (± OADs). In our case report, we observed that once-weekly semaglutide 1 mg was dominant compared with once-daily liraglutide 1.8 mg. In this case report, once-weekly semaglutide 1.0 mg was the most clinically effective GLP-1 RA for achieving glycemic targets and reducing HbA1c, FPG, and body weight in patient who is receiving insulin therapy. In patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with insulin therapy, semaglutide provided superior improvements in mean HbA1c, FPG, and superior weight loss compared with liraglutide. Conclusion Semaglutide, administered subcutaneously once weekly, provided superior glycemic control and body weight reductions compared with other GLP-1 RA in patient with T2DM receiving insulin therapy. Therefore, it is likely that once-weekly semaglutide will not increase the risk of hypoglycemia when added to insulin therapy. The reasons for switching to semaglutide from liraglutide included a need to reduce HbA1c or weight further, decreased frequency of administration and cardiovascular protection. In addition, significant weight loss was observed with both doses of semaglutide vs liraglutide.

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