Faculty of Medicine

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    THE MESORECTUM AND MESORECTAL FASCIA – A TOPOGRAPHIC-ANATOMICAL OVERVIEW
    (Serbian Anatomical Society (Српско анатомско друштво – САДС), 2026-09-24)
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    VERTEBRAL LEVEL OF ORIGIN OF THE ANTERIOR BRANCHES OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA IN A CT ANGIOGRAPHIC STUDY
    (Serbian Anatomical Society (Српско анатомско друштво – САДС), 2026-09-24)
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    SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF DERMATOGLYPHIC PATTERNS IN NORTH MACEDONIA
    (Comenius University Bratislava, 2026-09-10)
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    ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE VERTEBROBASILAR SYSTEM AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
    (Serbian Anatomical Society = Српско анатомско друштво – САДС, 2026-09-24)
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    Dermatoglyphic patterns in population of the R. of North Macedonia
    (Anatomischen Gesellschaft, 2025-09-26)
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    Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of fingerprints from the hands and fingers, soles and toes. Dermatoglyphic study has been conducted in order to determine and analyze individual dermatoglyphic characters in healthy individuals with Macedonian and Albanian nationality. Some dermatoglyphic parameter on the 210 palm prints were read and classified. The prints were obtained from healthy individuals of Macedonian and Albanian ethnic origin. Palm prints were taken using Cummins and Midlo’s ink method .Dermatoglyphics were classified according Henry’s system. The results in our population study showed that UL>Wc>We>DL>A>RL on both hands in all participants, radial loops are present only on the second digit, index and double loops are most present as complex patterns. Formula for present triradii is a>t>b>d>c. The values for Atd angle are equal from 35˚-55˚.Most often found in hypothenar region are distal loops. In conclusion, a dermatoglyphic patterns on the hands and fingers in population in the R. of North Macedonia have been made. Normal variability of the dermatoglyphic patterns have been presented. The results provide new possibilities for further investigation of dermatoglyphics and their biological and genetic properties. Findings from our populational study can be compared with the results of other nationalities, as well as presenting a control group for comparison with dermatoglyphic patterns in many genetical disorders and different diseases.
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    RENAL ARTERY VARIATIONS DETECTED BY CTA
    (Anatomischen Gesellschaft, 2025-09-26)
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    This study aims to determine the prevalence and morphological characteristics of renal artery variations using computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the abdominal aorta. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 37 CTA images of patients over 18 years of age. The scans were performed using a multidetector CT scanner (MDCT Siemens, 128-slice), and the images were analyzed with Vitrea® Advanced Visualization Software. Evaluated parameters included the origin, number and diameter of the renal arteries, presence of accessory arteries and the suprarenal and infrarenal segments of the aorta. Normal bilateral renal vascularization was observed in 91.9% of cases. Variations were detected in 5.41% (2 cases): one with unilateral and one with bilateral accessory renal arteries. No statistically significant association was found between sex and the presence of variations (p=0.51). Despite the limited sample size, renal artery variations were identified. Accessory renal arteries are a common anatomical variation with significant implications in clinical and surgical practice. Accurate preoperative identification using CTA is essential for optimal surgical planning, especially in urology and vascular surgery.
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    THE ROLE OF МR SPECTROSCOPY AND CONTRAST ENHANCED MRI IN PROSTATE CANCER DIAGNOSIS
    (Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2025-11-25)
    Kostova, Masha
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    Bozhinovska, Biljana
    In patients with increased prostate-specific antigen, the next diagnostics tool is transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy. The biopsy can cause pain, bleeding and infection. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp MRI) as non-invasive diagnostics tool is used as a triage test to avoid biopsy, as well as to improve the diagnostics. The aim of this study was to examine the value of MR spectroscopy and dynamic post-contrast series in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. This cohort prospective study included 100 patients from CGH “September 8th” with increased levels of PSA. The MRI equipment used was Siemens Essenza 1,5T with body coil. The results obtained by MR spectroscopy analysis were correlated with the post-contrast series, whereby by mapping suspicious areas, patients underwent biopsy according to the PIRADS (prostate imaging and reporting data system) classification. Of the 100 patients, 96 were biopsied according to the PIRADS (prostate imaging and reporting data system) classification. The MRI results and pathohistological findings were then compared. On MR postcontrast series, a malignant lesion was detected in 52% of patients, in 33% of patients the lesion was suspicious for malignancy. On MR spectroscopy, a choline+creatinine/citrate ratio of 0.8 to 2 indicating a possible malignant lesion was confirmed in 33% of patients, this ratio was greater than 2 in 33% of patients, indicating a lesion highly suspicious for malignancy. MR spectroscopy combined with contrast enhanced MRI is a powerful tool for non-invasive differentiation of benign prostatic hyperplastic nodule and prostatitis from a malignant nodule.
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    Origin of the right vertebral artery examined with CTA
    (Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, Одделение за медицински науки = Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Section of Medical Sciences/ Sciendo, 2025-12-06)
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    Kordoska, Jovana
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    Background: The vertebral artery arises from the first part of the subclavian artery and provides posterior brain circulation. The abnormal origin of the vertebral arteries is an uncommon finding. The aim of this study was to examine the origin of the right vertebral artery and to discuss its clinical implications. Materials and methods: We examined radiographs of 203 patients who had CT angiography undertaken for a variety of clinical reasons, performed as part of their medical treatment at the University Clinic for Radiology in Skopje, R. N. Macedonia. Results: The study population included 203 patients, 108 male and 95 female, age range from 19-82, mean age 59.6 years. In 202 patients (99.5%) the right vertebral artery originated from the right subclavian artery. In one patient (0.49%) we found atypical right vertebral artery arising from the right common carotid artery in combination with the origin of the right subclavian artery from the aortic arch. Conclusions: The knowledge of the potential vertebral artery origin variants is important for clinicians for safe performance of diagnostic and interventional procedures in radiology and for surgeons during planning and accomplishing surgical interventions.
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    Anatomy education and clinical practice: students’ views
    (Grupa Via Medica, 2025-10-16)
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    Background and objectives: This study was aimed at evaluating students’ per spectives on the relevance of anatomy education to clinical practice throughout their studies at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje. Materials and methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based investigation and took place at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje at the University of “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, R. North Macedonia. The questionnaire form included demographics, five-point Likert items, and open-ended questions. Questionnaire data was collected from volunteer student participants, currently and not currently involved in anatomy education, consisting of 134 first-year and 87 fourth- and fifth-year students during March and April 2024. Results: Junior students agreed that their anatomy education helped them achieve some important goals for clinical practice, such as adopting and applying medical terminology and the ability to visualise a three-dimensional human body map. Senior students were less convinced that the structures and concepts acquired during anatomy education were relevant to clinical practice, or that they helped them acquire clinical knowledge and skills effectively, or to understand the principles of evidence-based medicine. Junior students and their senior colleagues disagreed as to whether anatomy education succeeded in developing their self-confidence, teamwork, and communication skills. Conclusions: Both groups of students had similar preferences and suggestions for redesigning anatomy courses to focus on essential elements that are functionally and clinically relevant. This can be achieved through traditional and modern teaching methods, small group work, and the establishment of learning outcomes within clinically relevant contexts.
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    Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for removal of sellar and parasellar brain lesions – advantages and limitations.
    (Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2024-10-24)
    Kamiloski, Tomi
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    Zhupanovski, Aleksandar
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    The endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgical approach is a minimally invasive neurosurgical procedure in the treatment of sellar and parasellar brain lesions. According the literature reports, the results are comparable or even better with respect to surgical radicality. This approach is associated with reduced morbidity, faster recovery times, and superior visualization of the surgical field, making it an increasingly preferred option in neurosurgery. The aim of this study is to update the knowledge and the information of the transnasal transphenoidal surgical approach and treatment of brain lesions, its application and outcomes, advantages and disadvantages of this technique. Increasing experience with this technique can decrease rates of complications. A trend towards a lower total complication rate with increasing study size was observed. The review of complications of transsphenoidal surgery showed that transsphenoidal surgery seems to be a reasonably safe procedure, with a mortality rate of less than 1%, with a significant number of complications which were more frequent in less experienced surgeons. Many researches showed similar results when analyse the complications after endonasl endoscopic surgery. Compared to more traditional surgical techiques, endonasal transphenoidal endoscopy showed lower rate of neurological complications, greater improved in visibility, moderate rate of endocrinological disturbance and higher rate of cerebrospinal leakage. Main advantages of the endonasal approach are the direct access to the sellar region without brain retraction and a straight forward procedure. Major drawbacks are the increased risks for postoperative CSF fistulas, sinonasal complications and the limited access to lateral structures. Modern technical innovations in endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery like enhance the safety, efficacy, and overall success of the endoscopic transnasal approach to sellar, suprasellar and other skull base brain lesions.