Faculty of Medicine

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COVID-19 and young people, understanding the impact
(Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2023)
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Chepreganova Cangovska, Tatjana
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Zorchec, Danijela
COVID-19 has impacted individuals of all age groups, including young people. Although young individuals generally experience milder symptoms and better outcomes, they are still susceptible to contracting and transmitting the virus. While they may have lower infection rates, it is crucial for young people to adhere to preventive measures as they can still spread the virus, potentially affecting vulnerable populations. The pandemic and related measures have also had an impact on the mental health of young people, with increased stress, isolation, and changes in social interactions leading to feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. The closure of schools and the shift to remote learning have presented challenges in terms of education and social development. It is essential for young people to stay informed, follow guidelines, and prioritize their physical and mental well-being during these challenging times.
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Stress Detection of Children With ASD Using Physiological Signals
(IEEE, 2022-08-29)
Sevgi Nur Bilgin Aktaş
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Pınar Uluer
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Buket Coşkun
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Elif Toprak
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Duygun Erol Barkana
This paper proposes a physiological signal-based stress detection approach for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to be used in social and assistive robot intervention. Electrodermal activity (EDA) and blood volume pulse (BVP) signals are collected with an E4 smart wristband from children with ASD in different countries. The peak count and signal amplitude features are derived from EDA signal and used in order to detect the stress of children based on the previously provided reference baselines. Furthermore, a comparison has been made with the stress values determined using low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) values extracted from BVP signal.
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Perceived birth trauma in Macedonian women
(Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2023-03)
Pop-Jordanova, Nada
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Although the childbearing is perceived as pretty normal and happy event, new research showed that the psychological birth trauma is however a universal and not rare phenomenon. Traumatic birth experiences can cause postnatal mental health disturbance, fear of childbirth in subsequent pregnancies and disruption to mother-infant bonding, leading to impaired child development. The purpose of this research was to evaluate collected data from several obstetric clinics as well as for primary paediatric settings related to 'Birth Trauma' in order to review especially women with symptoms of PTSD following childbirth. The study is prospective, starting from 2021 and ended in December 2022. The psychological instrument used in this research delivered named Intersect Questionnaire. The questionnaire is composed of 59 questions grouped in VIII parts. The presented results from our study confirmed that the birth trauma is not rare phenomena in our country, as well. Symptoms correlated with PTSD were present as follows: unpleasant memories (2,7%), anxiety (38,54%), panic (6,47%), traying not remember delivery (4,04%), self-accusation (2,16%), negative emotions (1,89%), alienation (4,31%), irritation/aggression (1,89%), self-destruction (1,89%), impulsiveness (4,31%), problems with concentration (3,23%), and sleeping problems (21,88%). These results alarm for better understanding this vulnerable period of women’s life. As a general conclusion we must highlight the importance of birth trauma in women, phenomena which is conformed worldwide and which be overcome as quickly and successfully as possible.
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Pain, dietary habits and physical activity of children with developmental disabilities in Croatia, North Macedonia and Serbia: a cross-sectional study
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-12-19)
Međaković, Jelena
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Čivljak, Antonia
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Vučić, Vesna
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Ristić-Medić, Danijela
Multiple studies have shown that children with developmental disabilities (CDD) often live with unrecognized and untreated pain, consume inadequate diet and have inadequate levels of physical activity. This study aimed to analyze pain, dietary habits and physical activity of CDD in Croatia, North Macedonia and Serbia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Croatia, North Macedonia and Serbia in March–April 2023 within the Erasmus+ SynergyEd project. The study included parents and caregivers of CDD. Data were collected via online survey. Results We included 954 participants from Croatia (N=543; 57%), North Macedonia (N=205; 21%) and Serbia (N=206; 22%). Participants reported that 16% of children suffered from chronic pain related to their condition. The main findings of our study are that chronic pain is prevalent in CDD (16%). Almost half (48%) of participants avoid certain foods for their children. The majority of children (86%) were not on a special diet. Among those that were on a special diet, they were most commonly (60%) on a gluten-free diet. Most (54%) participants stated that their children used nutritional supplements. Less than half participants (45%) stated that the child is involved in some kind of physical activity. Only 17% of CDD engaged in physical activities 5 h or more per week. Conclusion Our findings indicate that chronic pain, inadequate dietary patterns and insufficient physical activity are common in CDD from Croatia, Macedonia and Serbia. Education of parents and caregivers can mitigate their use of interventions that have not been proven effective, such as for example the use of gluten-free diets in CDD.
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Perceptions on support, challenges and needs among parents and caregivers of children with developmental disabilities in Croatia, North Macedonia and Serbia: a cross-sectional study
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-05-03)
Međaković, Jelena
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Čivljak, Antonia
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Vučić, Vesna
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Ristić-Medić, Danijela
Parents/caregivers of children with developmental disabilities (CDD) have a wide range of support needs and there are various interventions available. Support, challenges, and needs among parents/caregivers of CDD likely vary in different geographical settings. This study aimed to analyze the perceptions of support, challenges, and needs among parents/caregivers of CDD in Croatia, North Macedonia, and Serbia.
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Psychological Alienation and Feeling of Self-Efficiency in Young Male and Female Adults
(Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts/Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2023-12-01)
Zorchec, Danijela
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Chepreganova Changovska, Tatjana
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In psychology, alienation is a condition of being separated or marginalized from other individuals or some larger segment of society. Self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their capacity to act in ways necessary to reach specific goals. This study was conducted to investigate the possible connectivity between psychological alienation and feelings of self-efficiency among young male and female adults. The study was conducted in April 2023, among 167 young people, aged 18-25 (M=22.28 ± 1.7SD). For this purpose, we used the Scale for psychological alienation and General self-efficacy. Results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between alienation and self-efficacy, meaning that the higher psychological alienation is, the lower self-efficacy is (t=-0.627; <0.001). There is a statistically significant difference between young male and female adults regarding alienation (t=-5.592; <0.001) e. g. males are reporting to be more alienated than females. Also, there is a statistically significant difference between young male and female adults regarding feeling of self-efficacy (t=4.692; <0.001) e.g. males feel less effective than females and in the scale for measuring meaninglessness (t=-2.966; 0.003) e. g. males feel more meaninglessness than females. In conclusion, psychological alienation and self-efficacy are correlated and there are gender differences regarding the two measured variables, in favor of the females.
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Does the M-Chat-R Give Important Information for the Diagnosis of the Autism Spectrum Disorder?
(Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts/De Gruyter, 2021-04-23)
Pop Jordanova, Nada
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Having in mind the rising rates of the incidence for autism worldwide, the early diagnosis of this neuro-developmental disorder is of the high priority. For that purpose, several checklists have been constructed and used. Nevertheless, there are no universal and uniform criteria for assessing and diagnosing autism, and even if there existed, not every country has the resources to manage such an assessment for diagnosis.A recently validated, revised version of the M-CHAT, the M-CHAT-Revised with Follow up (M-CHAT-R/F) has demonstrated strong psychometric properties.The aim of this article is to discuss our results obtained with M-CHAT-R applied in a sample of 131 children aged 31,9 ±9,4 months, recruited for diagnosis and treatment at the University Children's Hospital in Skopje.Our results confirmed that for screening the use of M-CHAT-R/F is currently the very exact instrument which allows the early suspicion, but also possible follow up the symptoms of this disorder. Additionally, we showed the significant negative correlation between age and scores obtained on the checklist.
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Challenges in Observing the Emotions of Children with Autism Interacting with a Social Robot
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-11-08)
Erol Barkana, Duygun
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Bartl-Pokorny, Katrin D.
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Kose, Hatice
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Landowska, Agnieszka
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Milling, Manuel
This paper concerns the methodology of multi-modal data acquisition in observing emotions experienced by children with autism while they interact with a social robot. As robot-enhanced therapy gains more and more attention and proved to be effective in autism, such observations might influence the future development and use of such technologies. The paper is based on an observational study of child-robot interaction, during which multiple modalities were captured and then analyzed to retrieve information on a child’s emotional state. Over 30 children on the autism spectrum from Macedonia, Turkey, Poland, and the United Kingdom took part in our study and interacted with the social robot Kaspar. We captured facial expressions/body posture, voice/vocalizations, physiological signals, and eyegaze-related data. The main contribution of the paper is reporting challenges and lessons learned with regard to interaction, its environment, and observation channels typically used for emotion estimation. The main challenge is the limited availability of channels, especially eyegaze-related (29%) and voice-related (6%) data are not available throughout the entire session. The challenges are of a diverse nature—we distinguished task-based, child-based, and environment-based ones. Choosing the tasks (scenario) and adapting environment, such as room, equipment, accompanying person, is crucial but even with those works done, the child-related challenge is the most important one. Therapists have pointed out to a good potential of those technologies, however, the main challenge to keep a child engaged and focused, remains. The technology must follow a child’s interest, movement, and mood. The main observations are the necessity to train personalized models of emotions as children with autism differ in level of skills and expressions, and emotion recognition technology adaptation in real time (e. g., switching modalities) to capture variability in emotional outcomes.
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Stress Detection of Children with Autism using Physiological Signals in Kaspar Robot-Based Intervention Studies
(IEEE, 2022-08-21)
Coskun, Buket
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Uluer, Pinar
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Toprak, Elif
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Barkana, Duygun Erol
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Kose, Hatice
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Robot-Based Intervention for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2021)
Bartl-Pokorny, Katrin D.
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Pykala, Malgorzata
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Uluer, Pinar
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Barkana, Duygun Erol
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Baird, Alice
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have deficits in the socio-communicative domain and frequently face severe difficulties in the recognition and expression of emotions. Existing literature suggested that children with ASD benefit from robot-based interventions. However, studies varied considerably in participant characteristics, applied robots, and trained skills. Here, we reviewed robot-based interventions targeting emotion-related skills for children with ASD following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. We systematically searched for all relevant articles published in English language until May 2021, using the databases Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. From a total of 609 identified papers, 60 publications including 50 original articles and 10 non-empirical articles including review articles and theoretical articles were eligible for the synthesis. A total of 892 participants were included in the robot-based intervention studies; 570 of them were children with ASD. Nao and ZECA were the most frequently used robots; recognition of basic emotions and getting into interaction were the most frequently trained skills, while happiness, sadness, fear, and anger were the most frequently trained emotions. The studies reported a wide range of challenges with respect to robot-based intervention, ranging from limitations for certain ASD subgroups and security aspects of the robots to efforts regarding the automatic recognition of the children’s emotional state by the robotic systems. Finally, we summarised and discussed recommendations regarding the application of robot-based interventions for children with ASD.

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