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    Hydrofluoric Acid: Burns and Systemic Toxicity, Protective Measures, Immediate and Hospital Medical Treatment
    (ID Design 2012/DOOEL Skopje, 2018-11-25)
    Bajraktarova-Valjakova, Emilija
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    Korunoska-Stevkovska, Vesna
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    Georgieva, Silvana
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    Bajraktarova-Misevska, Cvetanka
    Hydrofluoric acid is a commonly used chemical in many industrial branches, but it can also be found as an ingredient in household products such as cleaning agents. Possessing high corrosive potential, HF acid causes burns and tissue necrosis, while when absorbed and distributed through the bloodstream, its extremely high toxic potential is expressed. Acute symptoms are often followed by pain, particularly in the case of skin burns, which intensiveness does not often correlate with the expressiveness of the clinical findings. Even exposure to low-concentrated solutions or gasses, or low-doses of high-concentrated acid, may provoke delayed systemic disorder which may eventually have a lethal outcome.
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    Salivary Markers in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
    (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts/Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2023-07-01)
    Poposki, Bojan
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    Stefanova, Renata
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    Aim of the study: To determine the possibility of using saliva as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for screening and monitoring kidney function. Methods: This study included 32 patients with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 20 healthy examinees for the control group. Saliva was collected using the spitting method, and on the same day blood was also drawn from the examinees to determine serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. The salivary values of uric acid, urea, creatinine and albumin were determined with a spectrophotometer, as well as the serum concentrations of urea and creatinine. Results: Our results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between salivary and serum levels of urea and creatinine in patients with CKD (Pearson's correlation coefficient for urea was r =0.6527, p = 0.000, while for creatinine it was r = 0.5486, p = 0.001). We detected a statistically significant positive correlation between the salivary levels of urea and the clinical stage of CKD (r = 0.4667, p = 0.007). We did not register a significant correlation between the salivary levels of creatinine and the clinical stage of CKD (r = 0.1643, p = 0.369). Conclusion: Salivary urea is a valid marker for determining kidney function and a potential salivary marker for screening and monitoring kidney function. Salivary creatinine can be used as a qualitative marker, only indicating the existence of a disease.
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    Bacterial Contamination of the Toothbrushes
    (2016-03)
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    Toothbrushes are an environment for transfer of microbes, their retention and growth. The aim of the study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination of toothbrushes during everyday use in the periodontal healthy student population and to record the way of maintaining the toothbrush and the time and the reason for their replacement with new ones. The research included 20 students of both sexes, with a healthy periodontium, who filled out a special questionnaire and got a new toothbrush for everyday use in one month period. After the test period, toothbrushes were transported in sterile conditions at the Institute of Microbiology of the Medical Faculty in Skopje and further processed. The total number of bacteria in each plate was determined and larger colonies identified by the method of Gram and other biochemical tests. The microbiological findings showed a high contamination of the used toothbrushes at 100% of the analyzed samples, with a domination of coliform bacilli (Escherichia coli-40%, Klebsiella-25%, Enterobacter cloacae-5%, Serratia-15%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa -15%. Toothbrushes became highly contaminated after everyday use and can be carriers of microorganisms, increasing the risk of diseases caused by oral biofilm in healthy people.
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    Probiotics and Oral Health
    (2017-06)
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    Maja Pandilova
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic lozenges as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in chronic periodontitis patients. Thirty chronic periodontitis patients divided in examined group (SRP+ probiotic, n=15) and control group (SRP, n=15), were monitored clinically (plaque index(PI), the gingival index(GI), the probing pocket depth(PD), clinical attachment level(CAL) and microbiological parameters were recorded on day 0, and 1 month after therapy. The Prolife lozenges containing: Bacillus coagulans (Lactobacillus sporogenes), Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium bifidum (≥ 2,1 x 109), were used two times a day for 15 days. PI and GI were significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.05) after the treatment. PD in examined group of 4,93 0,7mm decreased to 3,960,8 mm (p>0,05), versus mean PD of 5,2  0,7 mm in control group that was equally after the treatment (p>0,05). CAL gains of 4,21,3 mm to 3,861,3mm in the examined group versus 4,361,2 mm to 4,2 1,2 (p>0,05) in control group. Microbiological examination demonstrated decreased of quantum of above 100 bacterial colonies of anaerobes and facultative anaerobes, from 66,7% to 33,3% in the examined group, according to 53,3% to 46,7% in control group. Despite data indicate an effect of probiotics on the oral microbiota and a more limited effect on clinical periodontal outcome measures, it can be recommended as a useful adjunct to SRP in chronic periodontitis patients.
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    Declared Fluoride Concentration in Commercial Mouthwashes: A Market Analysis from North Macedonia
    (Scientific Foundation Spiroski (publications), 2024-12-31)
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    Kokolanski, Vlatko
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    Andonovska, Marija
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    Poposki, Bojan
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    Spasovski, Spiro
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    Titratable Acidity and pH of Commercial Mouthwashes: A Comprehensive Analysis
    (Scientific Foundation Spiroski (publications), 2025-06-27)
    Andonovska, Marija
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    Kokolanski, Vlatko
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    Spasovski, Spiro
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    Poposki, Bojan
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