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    Determining Specific Thyroid Transcripts in Peripheral Blood: A Single Center Study Experience
    (Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2018-12)
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    Thyroid carcinoma (TC) comprises a spectrum of different tumors with a wide range of biological behavior and prognosis. The techniques based on the latest trends in molecular biology may have application in diagnosis of metastatic TC. The aim of this study was to apply and analyze mRNA expression in peripheral blood of thyrotropin receptor [thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR-mRNA)] gene and thyroglobulin (Tg-mRNA) gene using 2-ΔΔCt method in differentiated TC patients and healthy individuals. Fifty-seven subjects were included in the study, consisting of 40 patients with TC and 17 healthy volunteers as a control group. Total RNA was isolated from peripheral blood and used for two-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Real-time PCR was performed with appropriate primers. Relative quantification using the 2-ΔΔCt method was applied. Thyroid carcinoma patients with metastatic disease or loco-regional relapse expressed TSHR-mRNA by a 8.57-fold higher level than healthy controls. Thyroid carcinoma patients with biochemical relapse expressed TSHR-mRNA by a 14.17-fold higher level than healthy controls, while expression of Tg-mRNA was 6.6-fold higher in TC patients with metastatic disease and loco-regional relapse than healthy controls and 8.34-fold higher level compared with TC patients with excellent response to treatment. Our preliminary study showed that the TSHR gene expression might have more useful application as a biomarker compared to detection of Tg gene expression.
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    TIME-DEPENDENT EXPRESSION OF IL-1β mRNA - A PRELIMINARY STUDY FOR POSSIBLE WOUND AGE MARKER
    (Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2023)
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    Siamkouri, Rosica
    Accurate estimation of wound age is a very important task in forensic medicine field, because it can helps in reconstruction of crime scene. IL-1β is proinflamatory cytokine and plays a major role in wound healing process. The aim of the study is to develop a method for the reliable estimation of dermal injury age. In this study the expression of IL-1β mRNA was evaluated by real-time PCR at skin human wounds with different post-injuried period. We collected 27 human skin wound samples from forensic autopsy cases at our Institute. In our study were include samples from lacerations, incised wounds and stab wounds, with a known time of injury and death. Wound samples were divided into five groups: control group (n=5); first group consisted of cases with immediate death (n=7); second group consisted of cases with survival from 1 hour to 6 hours (n=5); the third group comprised cases with survival from 6 hours to 72 hours (n=3); the fourth group comprised cases with survival from 72 hours to 168 hours (n=7). In this study we detected increased expression levels of IL-1 β mRNA in the second group with survival time from 1 to 6 hours.
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    Correlation of mRNA-TSHR expression with clinical parameters in thyroid carcinoma patients
    (Nature Publishing Group, 2019-10-10)
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    Jovanovic, H
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    Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor Transcripts in Correlation with Clinical Parameters in Thyroid Carcinoma Patients
    (Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, 2020-09-23)
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    <jats:p>BACKGROUND: Differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC) preserve expression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). AIM: The aim of our study was to evaluate the expression of mRNA-TSHR in peripheral blood of DTC patients, then to correlate the expression with clinical features: Serum thyroglobulin (sTg) value, initial staging and findings from the whole body scan (WBS), neck ultrasound (US), and total received dose of radioiodine therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment response: Patients with incomplete structural response (TCs), incomplete biochemical response (TCb), and excellent responders (TCr). Total RNA was isolated from peripheral blood and used for two-step reverse transcriptase-PCR with appropriate primers. Relative quantification using the ΔCt and 2–ΔΔCt and method was applied. sTg levels were evaluated with chemiluminescent assay. The statistical analysis was performed with Spearman Rank Order Correlation. RESULTS: We found that TCs patients expressed mRNA-TSHR by a 5.37-fold higher level than TCr patients, TCb patients expressed TSHR by an 8.88-fold higher level than TCr patients. A significant negative correlation was detected between sTg and ΔCt (CtTSHR - CtGAPDH) value (R = −0.475; p < 0.05), and between WBS/US findings and ΔCt (R= −0.321; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data revealed higher expression of mRNA-TSHR in peripheral blood of TCs and TCb compared to TCr patients and analysis revealed a significant correlation between mRNA-TSHR and sTg and US/WBS findings. Further studies with larger number of subjects and absolute quantification are needed for understanding the real meaning of mRNA-TSHR as a biomarker in DTC.</jats:p>
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    Determining thyrotropin receptor and thyroglobulin gene transcripts in peripheral blood of thyroid carcinoma patients and healthy individuals
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2018-10)
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    Introduction: Thyroid carcinoma (TC) comprises a spectrum of different tumors with wide range of biological behavior and prognosis. The techniques based on the latest trends in molec- ular biology may have application in diagnosis of metastatic TC. The aim of this study was to apply and analyze mRNA expres- sion of thyrotropin receptor gene (TSHR-mRNA) and thyroglob- ulin gene (Tg-mRNA) in peripheral blood of healthy individuals and patients with differentiated TC. Then to correlate between the total received 131 I therapy dose and expression levels of two evaluated genes. Material and Methods: In the study were included 57 subjects, consisting from 40 patients with TC and 17 healthy volunteers as a control group. Total RNA was isolat- ed from peripheral blood and used for two-step reverse tran- scriptase-PCR. Real time PCR was performed with appropriate primers. Relative quantification using 2-ΔΔCt method was applied. Results: TC patients with metastatic disease or loco-regional re- lapse expressed TSHR by a 8.57-fold higher level than healthy control individuals. TC patients with biochemical relapse ex- pressed TSHR by a 14.17-fold higher level than healthy controls, while expression of Tg was 6.6 -fold higher in TC patients with metastatic disease and loco-regional relapse than healthy con- trols and 8.34 -fold higher level compared with TC patients with excellent response to treatment. Conclusion: Our preliminary study showed that TSHR gene expression might have more useful application as a biomarker compared to detection of Tg gene expression. Positive non-significant correlation between ΔCt values for both target genes and total received dose of 131 I therapy with Spearman Rank was found. Key words: Thyroid carcinoma, TSH receptor gene expression, thyroglobulin gene expression
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    A new method to determine wound age in human skin injuries
    (Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2023-06-16)
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    Chakar, Ljupco
    Wound age determination is a significant part of everyday practice in forensic medicine. Determining the wound age answers a large number of questions arising from a criminal-legal event. The RT-PCR technique enables qualitative and quantitative analysis of mRNA and can register minimal changes in gene expression, which makes it more sensitive and accurate compared to the immunohistochemical method. The study included 51 wound samples of autopsy cases. In this study we conducted comparative analyses for different methods of homogenization and isolation. An analysis was carried out for the selection of a suitable reference gene that will be used for normalization of the expression levels of the investigated target gene. Two reference genes, GAPDH and 18S, were analyzed in the study. A biphasic expression of IL-6 information RNA (mRNA IL-6) was determined in relation to the other groups, including the control group. 18S has better efficiency of amplification then GAPDH. RNA was isolated from all examined tissues with the TriXact kit on the MagCore Plus II instrument. It can also be concluded that mechanical maceration of the tissue was more effective than the other methods of homogenization. 18S is a more stable reference gene for the analysis of skin samples. IL-6 can could be used as a marker in wound age determination.
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    Importance of quality control in sample preparation workflow of forensic degraded samples for massively parallel sequencing (MPS)
    (IAR Publishing, 2023)
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    Molecular genetic analyses occupy a significant part of laboratory tests in forensic practice. Pre-prepared commercial kits used for DNA extraction are an excellent choice for samples provided by living people, but in forensic practice, most of the samples that undergo molecular processing are often degraded and may pose a challenge in the laboratory. A special challenge is to provide quality genetic material from post-mortem samples that would be suitable for further analysis with massively parallel sequencing. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the applicability of two silica-based DNA extraction methods for post-mortem blood samples with varying storage time and degrees of degradation, and also, to establish proper quality control in sample preparation workflow for Massively Parallel Sequencing using Ion Torrent GeneStudio™ S5 platform. The study was performed on 48 blood samples with different storage time. Silica-based DNA extraction protocols was applied and quantification was made using Qubit 3.0 fluorimeter, followed by Real-Time PCR quantification. The results indicate high variability between the obtained DNA quantities from post-mortem blood samples with different storage time. Correlation was determined between storage time and sample quantity and quality. The Qiagen Mini Kit & Micro Kit are applicable for DNA extraction from blood samples with various storage periods and degradation levels, which can be used for further NGS analyses after careful quality control and optimization of library preparation conditions.
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    African L0a mtDNA haplogroup in Republic of Macedonia
    (Elsevier B.V., 2017-12)
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    Mitochondrial DNA analysis from individuals from Republic of Macedonia as one of the south-eastern European countries showed that the phylogenetic characteristics of Macedonian population are similar as in other Europen countries, sharing west Eurasian haplogroups, predominantly European haplogroup H. Macedonian population is multiethnic and some of this ethnic groups have specific mtDNA haplogroup traced to their origin. In this article we present first finding of an African haplogroup L0a in orthodox Macedonian. From the published data it is evident that most likely L lineages arrived in Europe in rather recent historical times, what for today’s Republic of Macedonia from historical point of view could be in the last 2500 years.