Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health

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Skopje

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Association between Club Sports Participation and Physical Fitness of 6–10-Year-Old Macedonian Children
(LLC OVS, 2022-09-23)
Morina, Besnik
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Gjonbalaj, Malsor
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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<jats:p>Background. Physical inactivity is associated with poor physical fitness and weight gain. Organized sports activities can be a significant component in providing adequate fitness which, on its part, is an important aspect of general health and well-being. The purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between participation in organized sports activity and obesity as well as physical fitness of 6–10-year-old children from the region of the city of Skopje in the Republic of North Macedonia. Materials and methods. The height, weight, body mass composition, and various components of physical fitness were measured in 940 children (aged 8.98 ± 3.39). The sports participation and confounding variables, such as parents’ education and body weight as well as parents’ sports activities, were estimated through a questionnaire completed by parents. In order to achieve the study purpose, the study used the multinomial logistic regression analysis and the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results. Less-than-once-a-week sports participation was established in 41.1% of the children, once or twice a week – in 48.4%, and more often – in 10.5%. Obesity was established in 38.1% of the children. Children that had organized sports activity 1-2 times a week or more often showed a higher physical fitness level. Conclusions. Even though causality cannot be established, facilitation of organized sports activities may be a crucial aspect in public health efforts addressing the growing problems associated with overweight and obesity.</jats:p>
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Prevention of Violence in Education Through Socio-pedagogical Recommendations Based on the Perceived Level of Risk.
(Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, 2020)
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Popovski, L.
This research aims to establish socio-pedagogical recommendations for the prevention of violent behavior in education by assessing the perceived level of risk. The level of risk was assessed using a priori constructed questionnaire using the Google forms tool, that was afterwards distributed via e-mail and Facebook to the various respondents involved in the educational process. The group of 101 respondent (62 males and 39 females) is consisted of students, teachers, professors, athletes and sports workers. For the purpose of the research, a set of socio-pedagogical recommendations for prevention of violence in education, were created. Based on the obtained results, the authors propose several specific socio-pedagogical recommendations that are presented in the conclusions at the end of the paper.
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Using relative handgrip strength to identify children at risk of sarcopenic obesity
(ARAN Ediciones, 2020)
Gontarev, Seryozha
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Jakimovski, Mirko
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Background: identifying children at risk of developing childhood sarcopenic obesity often requires specialized equipment and expensive testing procedures, so cheaper and quicker methods would be advantageous, especially in field-based settings. Objective: the purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between the muscle-to-fat ratio (MFR) and relative handgrip strength, and to determine the ability of handgrip strength relative to body mass index (grip-to-BMI) to identify children who are at risk of developing sarcopenic obesity. Material and method: grip-to-BMI was measured in 4021 Macedonian children (6 to 10 yrs). Bioelectrical impedance was used to estimate body fat mass and skeletal muscle mass, from which the MFR was calculated. Results: the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.771 (95 % CI, 0.752 to 0.789, p < 0.001) in girls 6-10 years old and 0.843 (95 % CI, 0.826 to 0.859, p < 0.001) in boys 6-10 years old. Calculated using the grip-to-BMI ratio, the OR (95 % CI) for girls to be at risk of sarcopenic obesity identified by MFR was 20.182 (10.728-37.966, p < 0.001) and was 16.863 (10.782-26.371, p < 0.001) for boys. Conclusion: the grip-to-BMI ratio can be used to predict the presence of sarcopenic obesity in children, which can play a role in pediatric health interventions.
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Health-Related Physical Fitness is Associated with Total and Central Body Fat in Children Aged 6 to 10 Years
(LLC OVS, 2022-11-30)
Gjonbalaj, Malsor
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Morina, Besnik
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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<jats:p>Study purpose. This study purpose was to investigate whether health-related physical fitness is associated with total and central body fat in school children aged 6–10 years. Materials and methods. A total of 2197 Macedonian children aged 6–10 years (1096 boys and 1101 girls) participated in the study. Health-related physical fitness was measured by the modified EUROFIT test battery: the 20 m shuttle run test (cardiorespiratory fitness); the handgrip strength test, the standing long jump and the 30 s sit-ups tests (muscular strength); the 4×10 m shuttle run test (motor fitness) and the sit and reach test (flexibility). Body mass index, body fat percentage and waist circumference were used as markers of total and central body fat, respectively. Results. The standing long jump, the 30 s sit-ups, the 4×10 m shuttle run and the 20 m shuttle run tests were negatively associated with all markers of total and central body fat in boys and girls after controlling for age (p<0.01). The handgrip strength test was positively associated with all markers of total and central body fat (p<0.01). No statistically significant correlation was established between the markers of total and central body fat and the sit and reach test. Conclusions. The present study broadens previous findings in children and adolescents which demonstrate correlations between the health-related physical fitness components, chiefly the muscle strength, the agility and cardiorespiratory fitness and total central adiposity. Fitness assessment should be introduced in future epidemiological and intervention studies in school children because it seems to be an important factor determining health.</jats:p>
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Principal component analysis as a novel approach for cardiorespiratory exercise testing evaluation
(IOP Publishing, 2019)
Garcia-Retortillo, Sergi
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Javierre, Casimiro
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Ventura, Josep Lluís
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Balagué, Natàlia
Our purpose was to apply a principal component analysis (PCA) approach to cardiorespiratory exercise to test evaluation and its sensitivity to workload accumulation.
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Establishing Levels of Perceived Benefits and Barriers from Exercising By Female Students at University of “Ss. Cyril & Methodius” – Skopje
(Montenegrin Sports Academy, 2022-06-01)
Kastrati, Armend
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Gontarev, Seryozha
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Gashi, Nazrije
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<jats:p>Many individuals are not engaged in sufficient physical activity due to low perceived benefits and high perceived barriers to exercise. Given the increasing incidence of obesity and obesity-related health disorders, this topic requires further exploration. The research goal was to establish what factors, according to students' perceptions, appear as the greatest benefits from and heaviest barriers for exercising, as well as establish the correlation between these per- ceived benefits and barriers, and the level of physical activity. Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale was used to assess per- ceived benefits and barrier intensities to exercise in 514 female university students (mean age 19.3 years, SD=1.06), taken from several faculties at the University of “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” in Skopje. The research results show that the female respondents who study at the university perceive much more benefits than barriers to exercising. The calcu- lated relation of benefits/barriers with this sample presents 1.39. The observed highest benefit that the female re- spondents have perceived is the “psychological benefit”, followed by the advantage related to the improved physical performance, improvement of life quality, social interaction, and health prevention. Physical tension and lack of time were graded considerably higher against the other two subscales of assessing the perceived barriers to exercising. The respondents with high physical activity have significantly higher results in the scales and subscales of assessing the perceived benefits and lower results in the scales and subscales of assessing the perceived barriers to exercising than those with a moderate and low level of physical activity. The implications of the research in elaborating the strategies and educative programs for promoting physical activity show the importance of increasing the relation benefits/barriers with the female respondents. The applied interventions should help female students to overcome the feelings of discomfort of physical tension during exercising (reducing the perceived barriers) and to emphasize health and other benefits of regular exercising (increasing the expected benefits).</jats:p>
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Somatotype Characteristics of Elite Young Athletes from the Republic of Kosovo
(Montenegrin Sports Academy, 2022-10-01)
Kastrati, Armend
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Gashi, Nazrije
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Gontarev, Seryozha
<jats:p>A large number of published studies have established the somatotype characteristics of athletes from different sports. The research goal is to establish and compare the anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and somatotype components of Kosovo’s young elite athletes. The research was conducted on 255 young athletes aged 18, divided into 92 footballers, 83 basket players, and 80 handball players. The obtained results show numerous relations and differences between the tested young athletes. The research results suggest that footballers are shorter and lighter than basketball and handball players; have lower BMI than handball players. Handball players are shorter than basketball players, and have greater BMI than basketball players and footballers. Footballers, compared to handball players have a greater bone-component and less fat-component percentage. Basketball players possess greater bone-component percentage values than handball players. Footballers have a dominant mesomorph component. Their somatotype category is balanced mesomorph. Handball players are established to have a common mesomorph athletic type with a characteristic skeleton’s longitudinal dimension. The ectomorph body type is dominant in basketball players – a mesomorph- body type with a characteristic skeleton’s longitudinal dimension and balanced correlation between the bone and muscle tissue. Therefore, these findings may give coaches from the region better working knowledge and suggest to them to follow recent selection process methods and be more diligent during the process of talent scouting.</jats:p>
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BODY COMPOSITION RELATED TO BODY MASS INDEX AMONG YOUNG ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS
(Medical faculty, Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2017)
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Abstract Introduction. Body composition is extremely important for athletes’ performance, thus assessment tools may be used to clarify their sports condition. The aim of the study was to investigate body composition measurements and maximal oxygen consumption related to body mass index (BMI) in young elite football players. Material and methods. A total of 29 young football players were divided into 3 groups related to the value of BMI: I group (n=8); II group (n=13); and III group (n=8). The subjects were submitted to the sub-maximal pulse approach on treadmill method (SchillerAg, MTM-1500 Bear, Switzerland) to measure VO 2max (ml/kg/min). A body composition analyzer (InBody720, Biospace Co, Seoul, Korea) was used to determine the body fat - BF (%), skeletal muscle - SM (%) and total body water – TW(L) including intracellular body water – ICW(L) and extracellular body water – ECW(L). For the statistical analysis, a t-test was performed upon which the significance for p<0.05 was considered. Results. The football players showed the highest VO 2 max value in the II group (p<0.05). BF showed increased value in the III group (p<0.02). SM did not show any significant difference between the groups. Body water composition showed no statistical significance. Conclusion. Due to our results, we may conclude that certain parameters may determine the condition of young athletes in order to select appropriate training procedures, proper diet, and personalized performance. Key words: football; body mass index; body composition.
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Effects of Temporary Numerical Imbalances on Collective Exploratory Behavior of Young and Professional Football Players
(Frontiers Media SA, 2019)
Canton, Albert
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Torrents, Carlota
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Ric, Angel
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Gonçalves, Bruno
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Sampaio, Jaime
The aim of this study was to explore how the use of temporary numerical imbalances during small-sided Game SSGs affects team's exploratory behaviors (i.e., variety and quantity of responses given in an ever-changing game context and its rate of change) in different age groups. Two different age groups (under-15 and under-23) of football players participated in the study. For each age group, three teams of five players played six small-sided games of 5 min duration in different conditions: (i) numerical balance (GK + 4 vs. 4 + GK); (ii) temporary numerical imbalance, which consisted of a numerical change of teammates and opponents every one minute. Latitude and longitude GPS coordinates were used to determine the positioning-derived variables. The dynamic overlap (i.e. the measure of average similarity of the game patterns that take place in increasingly larger time intervals) was used to provide information of the rate and breadth of exploratory behavior. The results revealed that the long-term exploratory breadth increased for the under-23 age group. Non-clear effects were found for the short-term rate of exploration, but with an increasing trend. In the under-15 group, the exploratory behavior was more likely to increase in the long term. The increase for the short-term rate of exploration was unclear, but it follows an increasing trend. These results suggest that the use of temporary numerical imbalances could offer coaches more dynamic training situations and different adaptive training environments similar to matches.
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Total and Abdominal Adiposity are Lower in Overweight and Obese Children with High Cardiorespiratory Fitness
(Montenegrin Sports Academy, 2022-02-01)
Morina, Besnik
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Miftari, Florian
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Gontarev, Seryozha
<jats:p>The study goal was to determine the impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on the total and abdominal adiposity in a sample of children aged 6 to 10. It was hypothesised that high cardiorespiratory fitness would result in lower total and abdominal obesity. The research was conducted on a sample of 1432 respondents where 717 (50.1%) are boys, and 715 (49.9%) are girls aged 6 to 10. The average age of the respondents was 8.72±1.4 years. Three anthropometric measures (body height, body weight and waist circumference) were considered and the body composition was determined by BIA. Body mass index sex - and age-specific cut-off points were used for overweight and obesity definition and children were placed in two groups: overweight/obese and non overweight. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed with the endurance shuttle-run test. Participants were grouped into high and low CRF based on age and sex distributions. The results were statistically analyzed by using t-tests and a χ2 test, analysis of covariance, Pearson correlation and hierarchical linear regression. On the basis of the obtained results, one can conclude that children who are overweight or obese and have a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness, have lower body mass index values, lower waist circumference, lower body fat percentage and a higher muscle mass percentage compared to children who are classified in the same BMI category, but have low values of cardiorespiratory fitness. The results of this study suggest that an appropriate level of cardiorespiratory fitness can reduce the threats of obesity among the pediatric population.</jats:p>

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