Information Hiding in the DICOM Message Service and Upper Layer Service with Entropy-Based Detection
Journal
Entropy
Date Issued
2022-01-25
Author(s)
Velinov, Aleksandar
Caviglione, Luca
Wendzel, Steffen
Abstract
The DICOM (Digital Imaging and COmmunication in Medicine) standard provides a framework for a diagnostically-accurate representation, processing, transfer, storage and display of medical
imaging data. Information hiding in DICOM is currently limited to the application of digital media
steganography and watermarking techniques on the media parts of DICOM files, as well as text
steganographic techniques for embedding information in metadata of DICOM files. To improve the
overall security of the DICOM standard, we investigate its susceptibility to network steganographic
techniques. To this aim, we develop several network covert channels that can be created by using a specific transport mechanism – the DICOM Message Service and Upper Layer Service. The bandwidth, undetectability and robustness of the proposed covert channels are evaluated, and potential countermeasures are suggested. Moreover, a detection mechanism leveraging entropy-based metrics is introduced and its performance has been assessed.
imaging data. Information hiding in DICOM is currently limited to the application of digital media
steganography and watermarking techniques on the media parts of DICOM files, as well as text
steganographic techniques for embedding information in metadata of DICOM files. To improve the
overall security of the DICOM standard, we investigate its susceptibility to network steganographic
techniques. To this aim, we develop several network covert channels that can be created by using a specific transport mechanism – the DICOM Message Service and Upper Layer Service. The bandwidth, undetectability and robustness of the proposed covert channels are evaluated, and potential countermeasures are suggested. Moreover, a detection mechanism leveraging entropy-based metrics is introduced and its performance has been assessed.
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