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    Rare case of super-response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Macedonian patient with Dilated Left Ventricular Non-Compaction Cardiomyopathy
    (Mahendra Patidar, 2024)
    Bozhin Shopov
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    Planinka Zafirovska
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    Background: Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is rare cardiomyopathy with increased and prominent endomyocardial trabeculations also known as spongy myocardium. It is often found in association with a dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and has high incidence of Heart failure (HF). Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is currently recommended by the available guidelines for selected patients with Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Aim: Our case report aims to highlight the therapeutic benefits and superresponse to CRT in a patient with Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy and HFrEF. Case report: 55-year-old Macedonian male patient with HFrEF, Left bundle branch block (LBBB) remained symptomatic (NYHA III) despite optimal medical treatment (OMT). Echocardiography and CMR findings were in addition to dilated and left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Cardiac resynchronization therapy was indicated and 18 months after implantation of CRT-P device we have achieved complete and utter reversibility of systolic myocardial function (EF from 23% to 53%), left ventricular internal diameter was reduced from 90mm to 64mm, left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) was reduced from 319ml to 98ml and patient quality of life significantly improved. Conclusion: Cardiac resynchronization therapy is a safe and valuable method of treatment for patients with HFrEF due to dilated left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy.
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    MISDIAGNOSIS OF CERVICOBRACHIAL SYNDROME WITH SUBOCCLUSION OF THE LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
    (Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2023)
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    Nikolovski, Robert
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    Introduction: Cervical spondylosis (degenerative osteoarthritis) and subclavian occlusion, mostly caused by atherosclerosis, share similar symptoms. Both are diseases of the advanced age. Thus, there are similarities of overlapping or misdiagnosis of both diseases. The aim of this case report was to present diagnosis and treatment of subclavian subocclusion and possibility of misdiagnosis with cervicobrachial syndrome. Case report: We present the case of a 71-year-old woman with noncontrolled hypertension. For many years she complained of occasional pains and tingling in her neck, left shoulder, and hand, coolness in the fingers of the left hand, headache and occasionally dizziness. An x-ray finding of the cervical spine was in favor of spondyloarthrosis on the neck vertebrae, and after consulting an orthopedic specialist, she was diagnosed and treated as cervicobrachial syndrome for many years without success. Cardiology examination detected different high blood pressure readings in both arms and that induced us to perform a computerized angiography (CT). CT showed subocclusion on the left subclavian artery after which our patient underwent angiography and stent implantation. After the procedure, the blood pressure difference decreased and the symptoms disappeared. Conclusion: Due to similar symptoms, whenever cervicobrachial syndrome is diagnosed, the blood pressures in both arms should be measured. In case of their difference, subclavian stenosis should also be considered and appropriate investigations should be made, especially if the difference in pressures is high.
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    Hypertension in athletes
    (MIT University, 2023-03)
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    Furnadjiski, Atanas
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    Mitevski, Goran
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    Nikolovski, Robert
    Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease in athletes. Prompt diagnosis and management is crucial for ensuring safe sport participation and prevention of long term complications in athletes. Many diagnostic tools are involved in the management algorithm of the hypertension starting from good anamnesis especially the family history, as well as other simple and sophisticated paramedical imaging techniques, as ECG, Echocardiography, 24 Hours ambulatory ECG monitoring, cardiac MRI and many others. Distinguishing an athlete heart from pathological heart muscle hypertrophy is the key step for the differential diagnosis. Conclusion: Proper pharmacological and non pharmacological measures will facilitate satisfying long term prognosis for the athletes.
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    TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
    (MIT University Skopje, 2023)
    Mitevski Goran
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    Nikolovski Robert
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    Furnadjiski Atanas
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    Myocardial injury is when there is elevated cardiac troponin values at least one value above the upper reference limit (URL). Causes of elevated troponin can be sustained bradyarrhythmia, hypotension, shock, respiratory failure, anemia, tachyarrhythmia, hypertension, heart failure, defibrillator shocks, sepsis, chronic kidney disease, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, infiltrative disease (amyloidosis, sarcoidosis..), chemotherapeutic agents, critically ill patients, strenuous exercise, cardiac ablation, cardiomyopathy, coronary spasm, microvascular dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaque disruption with thrombosis, etc. When it is associated with myocardial ischemia it is designated as myocardial infarction (MI). Type 2 myocardial infarction occurs due to disturbed oxygen supply and/or unbalanced demand. There are no conditions that are characteristic for type 1 MI such as plaque, rupture and thrombosis
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    LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTRY STENTING IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE - A LIFESAVING PROCEDURE
    (MIT University Skopje, 2022-10)
    Mitevski, Goran
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    Taravari, Hajber
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    Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most important factors for adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. These patients have poorer outcomes in comparison with patients without CKD. The strategy for the best revascularization technic in patients with CKD and coronary artery disease is still unknown because these patients are usually excluded from most clinical trials, especially in patients with moderate or severe CKD. Aim: This case report aims to show that percutaneous coronary intervention is a necessary and life-saving procedure in a critically ill patient with CKD despite the risk of complications and worsening renal function. Case Report: We present a 76 years patient with a medical history of CKD stage 4, Diabetes Mellitus type 2 on insulin therapy, and hypertension, one year ago she got a drug-eluted stent on the left anterior descendent (LAD) coronary artery, after which she has developed contrast-induced nephropathy and she underwent on hemodialysis after which kidney function stabilized. She was diagnosed with heart failure with reduced EF (23%). This patient came to the emergency department with pulmonary edema and subacute myocardial infarction. She was medically stabilized and underwent delayed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting to LM/pLAD after which deterioration of kidney function was observed (Creatinin456.8..498..701umol/L, Urea 22.6..23.4..27mmol/L). She underwent hemodialysis after which previously kidney function was obtained and she was dismissed in good health. Conclusion: PCI and Left main stenting is a lifesaving procedure in patients with CKD. A multidisciplinary approach and an experienced invasive cardiologist are of crucial importance for a good outcome in these patients.
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    AORTIC DISSECTION: OFTEN NEGLECTED DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS IN EMERGENCY AMBULANCE SERVICES
    (MIT University Skopje, 2024-03)
    Furnadjiski, Atanas
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    Antova, I
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    Abazi, A
    Introduction: Aortic dissection is a rupture of the aortal medial layer produced by intramural hemorrhage that leads in a separation of the aortic wall layers, forming a false and true lumen with or without communication and is highly lethal. It causes a variety of symptoms, which can be discrete and subacute, or chronic, and is frequently misdiagnosed. Aim: This case report aims to present a case of a rare, subtle manifestation of transient ischemic attack caused by an aortic dissection. Case report: A 76-year-old man came to the Emergency Medical Service complaining of recent back and left shoulder pain accompanied by discomfort, as well as left-sided tingling of the face, arm, and leg, along with left hand weakness, that had occurred multiple times in the previous five days and lasted three to four minutes. On admission, he was clinically stable and had normal vital signs, without any neurological deficit. The ECG examination revealed RBBB without ST segment abnormalities. The anamnestic and hetero-anamnestic data were completely consistent with a cerebrovascular transient ischemic attack that occurred three days prior. After reevaluating the patient clinical status that was unchanged, he experienced temporary weakness, sweating, and dizziness revealed by shifting from supine to straight position, which was instantly relieved by kneeling down on the floor. The patient was immediately referred to secondary care. While a CT of the brain revealed normal findings, the CT angiography of the aorta showed an infrarenal aneurismatic dilatation with a 4cm wide flap indicative of impending aortal dissection. The patient was promptly referred to a tertiary care for further examination and medical care. Conclusion: Aortal dissection can easily go undetected in the Emergency Medical Services due to its pleomorphic clinical presentation, which oscillates between acute hemodynamic shocks to subtle, often undetectable symptomatology. Awareness of aortic dissection as differential diagnosis should be promptly lifted to a higher order thinking.
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    SERUM ANTI-OXLDL ANTIBODIES IN PATIENTS WITH ANGRIOGRAPHICALLY CONFIRMED CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
    (Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2023-12)
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    Kostovska, Irena
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    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is believed to be central to the atherosclerotic cascade. Oxidative modification of LDL induces immunogenic epitopes in the LDL molecule, and the presence of antibodies against oxidized LDL (anti-oxLDL) has been demonstrated in human sera. Anti-oxLDL titer not only can predict a presence of atherosclerotic CAD but may also be a marker of plaque instability. The primary aim of this study was measurement of serum anti ox-LDL concentrations in CAD patients confirmed with coronary angiography. The secondary aim of the study was to evaluate if there is an association between anti-ox-LDL concentration and conventional risk factors for CAD. Ninety patients with coronary artery disease and 90 controls were included in the study. Patients were selected according to the positive result of coronary angiography. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c and LDL-c were determined on Roche C311 Cobas Analyzer and OxLDLD and anti-oxLDL were determined with sandwich ELISA technique. We find significant difference between CAD patients and controls regarding OxLDL (p< 0.001). Serum anti OxLDL antibodies were correlated with LDL-c and we found significant correlation (p<0.05) in the CAD group. The regression model showed that the variables Age, BMI, DBP, SBP, Total cholesterol, HDL-c LDL-c and TG explained 30.39% of the variance from the variable anti-ox-LDL. Our results show that serum levels of ox LDL are associated with presence of CAD and with the lipid parameters.
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    Учество во GHATI(Globalhear Atack Threatment iniatiative), Регистерот како евалуација на третманот на миокарден инфаркт
    (Македонско здружение по Кардиологија, 2021-10)
    Igor Zdravkovski
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    Elma Kandikj
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    Oliver Bushletikj
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    Persistent foramen ovale as a cause of cerebral strokes in young individuals - case reports
    (MIT University Skopje, 2025-03)
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    Nikolovski, Robert
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    Zhaku, Vegim
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    Foramen ovale is a small congenital defect in the level of the interatrial septum of the heart that occurs as a result of the failure of fusion between the septum primum and septum secundum during embryogenesis. It is present in about 25% of the population and is usually clinically insignificant. However, in some cases, it can lead to paradoxical embolism, which may result in an ischemic stroke. Objective: To investigate the association between patients with persistent foramen ovale (PFO) and the occurrence of strokes in young individuals, with a case report. Case Report: A 27-year-old patient presented for a check-up with a history of multiple episodes, especially in the morning, of weakness in the left limbs, particularly the left arm, accompanied by dizziness. These symptoms spontaneously improved, but in the last episode, the symptoms lasted up to 5 hours from the onset. The patient lives in a small area at a higher altitude. The patient was referred for a neurological examination. The neurological examination was unremarkable at the time of the visit, but due to the recurring symptoms, the patient was referred for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain, where punctiform hyperintense lesions were detected. The patient was then referred to a cardiologist, where a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) revealed a thin septum, leading to a recommendation for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). TEE showed the presence of a 2mm PFO, after which the decision was made to close it using an Amplatzer PFO Occluder – 25mm in size. Conclusion: Although rare, a transient ischemic attack (TIA) in younger individuals should prompt consideration of the potential existence of PFO. Timely diagnosis and treatment of PFO are crucial for the lives of these patients.
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    Unilateral absence of left pulmonary artery with ventricular septal defect- case report
    (Macedonian medical student`s association, 2019-05)
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    Elena Markoska