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    The most common bacterial isolates from wound samples – a three-year study
    (INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA, 2021)
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    Blerta Mehmeti
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    Aim: The aim of our study was to determine the most common bacteria isolated from wound samples and tо compare the frequency of the resistant bacteria isolated over a 3-year period. Material and methods: During a three years period (2017-2019) a total of 11 863 wound samples (wound swabs, punctuates, exudates, tissue, etc.) were obtained from the hospitalized patients in the University Clinics of the ,,Mother Theresa” campus, the City hospital ,,8th September” and the University Clinic for surgical diseases ,,St. Naum Ohridski” in Skopje. All samples were processed at the Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje. They were examined by standard microbiology techniques. Identification and susceptibility of microorganisms were done by both standard methods and automatized Vitek 2 system. Results: Out of a total number of samples, which was 3 463 in 2017, 4 127 in 2018 and 4 273 in 2019, positive were 2 068 (60%), 2 302 (55.8%) and 2 387 (55.9%), respectively. From the total of aerobes/facultative anaerobes (2 758, 2 949 and 3 279 in three consecutive years, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively), Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant isolate (19.5%, 16.6%, 16.9%) followed by Enterococcus spp (16%, 16%, 16.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%, 13%, 12.7%) and E. coli (10%, 10.4%, 10.7%). Considering anaerobic bacteria, the percentage of Gram positive anaerobes (Peptostreptococcus) has decreased from 33% to 18% out of a total number of anaerobes, unlike Gram negative anaerobes in which the increasing percentage was mostly observed in bacteria of the genus Bacteroides (from 39% to 45%). The percentage of the resistant strains of MRSA, CNS-MR and VRE was almost the same in that period. In Gram-negatives the percentage of ESBL-positive isolates of E. coli and Enterobacter spp. increased consecutively from 2017 to 2019. The increase in the percentage of resistant strains was more noticeable in ESBL-positive isolates of Klebsiella pneumonia between 2017 and 2018, but in 2019 a percentage decrease can be observed. Considering carbapenem-resistant (CR) Enterobacterales, an increase in the resistance was noticeable in K. pneumonia. The increase in the percentage of resistant strains in Enterobacter spp. between 2017 and 2018, as well as the decrease between 2018 and 2019 was statistically significant. The percentage of CR-isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was from 30% to 38% and for Acinetobacter spp. this percentage was from 81% to 85%. Conclusion: The knowledge of the most commonly isolated bacterial pathogens, especially the presence of resistant bacteria, is crucial and should be continuously monitored in order to understand, construct and update effective treatment algorithms and guidelines.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Duplication of the SOX3 Gene in an Sry-negative 46, XX Male with Associated Congenital Anomalies of Kidneys and the Urinary Tract: Case Report and Review of the Literature
    (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2019)
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    Mitrotti A
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    Riepe FG
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    Kulle AE
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    Laban Nevenka
    Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a group of rare conditions characterized by discrepancy between chromosomal sex, gonads and external genitalia. Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract are often associated with DSD, mostly in multiple malformation syndromes. We describe the case of an 11-year-old Caucasian boy, with right kidney hypoplasia and hypospadias. Genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) analysis revealed a unique duplication of about 550 kb on chromo-some Xq27, and a 46,XX karyotype, consistent with a sex reversal phenotype. This region includes multiple genes, and, among these, SOX3 emerged as the main phenotypic driver. This is the fifth case reporting a genomic imbalance involving the SOX3 gene in a 46,XX SRY-negative male, and the first with associated renal malformations. Our data provide plausible links between SOX3 gene dosage and kidney malformations. It is noteworthy that the current and reported SOX3 gene duplications are below the detection threshold of standard karyotypes and were found only by analyzing CNVs using DNA microarrays. Therefore, all46,XX SRY-negative males should be screened for SOX3gene duplications with DNA microarrays.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Severe digital malformations in a rare variant of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
    (Wiley, 2019-04-22)
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    Plasheska Karanfilska D
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    Dimishkovska M
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    Laban N
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    Item type:Publication,
    Cranberry, a potential alternative treatment for urinary tract infections
    (Macedonian Association of Anatomists, 2023)
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    Radomir Jovchevski
    Vaccinium macrocarpon is perennial plant traditionally used as an herbal medicine in treatment and prevention of UTIs. Although the mechanisms of action are not jet fully understood it is presumed that they involve interferation with bacterial adhesion and changes in bacterial morphology mainly attributed to the plants proanthocyanidins. C ranberry extracts (CE) standardized for different concentrations of proanthocyanidinnes (PACs), CE in combination with antibiotics (norfloxacin and vancomy cin) and antibiotics alone (only antibiotics) were investigated for their effect on different strains of uropathogenic E.coli, S. saprophyticus and E. faecalis . As a source of CE we used commercial herbal supplements containing only Vaccinium macrocarpon extract (37.5 mg PACs) or CE in combination with D - manoza (25, 3 mg PACs). We used bacterial strains isolated from out patients with UTI s reffered for routine urine examination at the Institute of microbiology and parasitology. Sensitivity of the pathogen s to CE (as monoagent or combined in herbal mix) was evaluated with disc diffusion method. Our results showed stronger effect of CE on the growth of E.coli compared to G ram - positive strain s . S. saprophyticus strains were more susceptible to the extract/herbal mixes compared to the enterococci which predominantly presented as recalcitrant to the inhibitory activity of cranberry/herbal mixes. The sample size of this study was small to draw definite conclusions but our results illuminate avenues for future re search of the potential of cranberry as an alternative treatment in patients with UTIs.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Severe digital malformations in a rare variant of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2019)
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    Plaseska-Karanfilska Dijana
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    Dimishkovska Marija
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    Laban Nevenka
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    Item type:Publication,
    Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-positive bacteria isolated from blood culture
    (Macedonian Association of Anatomists and Morphologists, 2024-10)
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    Blood cultures are essential in diagnosing the existence of bacteria in the blood and they continue to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of septicemia. From Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. are the most common bacteria causing sepsis and septic shock. They are the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections globally. Aim of the paper was to identify Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. from hemoculture and to determine their susceptibility to antibiotics. Blood samples from hospitalized patients admitted for routine laboratory testing at the Institute of Microbiology from January 2023 to December 2023 were included in the study. Blood cultures bottles were incubated in automated Bact/Alert system. Isolated colonies were identified using automated VITEK 2 Compact system. MSSA and MRSA were isolated in 48.2% and 51.8% respectively. All isolates 100% were resistant to penicillin. Intermediate sensitivity to levofloxacin 92%, 60% and ciprofloxacin 96%, 64% was observed in MSSA and MRSA strains. Resistance to gentamicin of 63% was seen in MSSA isolates. Non-VRE and VRE were isolated in 67% and 33% respectively. Non-VRE strains had higher resistance towards gentamicin 77%, streptomycin 66%. VRE strains were resistant to gentamicin 93%, ampicillin 85%. Our findings give analysis of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from hemoculture and their resistance pattern. The findings give clinicians an insight for the right treatment option.
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    Item type:Publication,
    List of Recommended Names for bacteria of medical importance: report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Mitigating Changes in Prokaryotic Nomenclature
    (Microbiology Society, 2025-10)
    Göker, Markus
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    Christensen, Henrik
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    Fingerle, Volker
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    Margos, Gabriele
    The Ad Hoc Committee on Mitigating Changes in Prokaryotic Nomenclature was recently established under the auspices of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes to address the impact of name changes of prokaryotic taxa in databases, scientific publications and other sources, particularly agencies responsible for establishing protocols and standards for infectious disease control. Here, we report on the activities of the committee and the actions taken to date. A first key task of the Committee was to emphasize to stakeholders that the vast majority of name changes are not mandatory under the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP), and to provide guidance. The second key task was to compile a List of Recommended Names (LoRN) for bacteria of human or veterinary medical importance. This list has been incorporated into the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and is easily and freely available from LPSN. The principles for compiling and updating the list are described. Use of this list, rather than automatically treating the most recently proposed name of a taxon that has obtained standing under the ICNP as the name to be applied to the taxon, will greatly reduce the burden on practitioners who need to use prokaryotic names, e.g. in human and veterinary medical routines, and the risk associated with new, unfamiliar names. Other databases are encouraged to use LoRN.
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    ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI ISOLATED FROM BLOOD CULTURE
    (University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2023)
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    Jovchevski, Radomir
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    Item type:Publication,
    Candidatus List No. 6
    (Microbiology Society, 2025-06)
    Oren, Aharon
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    Göker, Markus
    Based on the guidelines of Appendix 11 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) [1, 2], a list in the form of a codified record of Candidatus organisms should be published at appropriate intervals in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM). In order to comply at least partially with the guidelines of Appendix 11, the List Editors have previously presented Candidatus List No. 1, which contained an inventory of the names of Candidatus taxa compiled from the literature published up to the end of 2018 [3]. Candidatus List No. 2, with names proposed in 2019 [4], was published in 2021, and Candidatus Lists No. 3 and 4, with names proposed in 2020 and 2021, respectively, were published in 2022 [5, 6]. The rank of phylum has recently been included [7] in the rules of the ICNP [1]. The first Candidatus Phylum List was published in 2023 [8].
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    Naming the genus Marivivens and its species: etymological considerations
    (Microbiology Society, 2025-04)
    Oren, Aharon
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    Schink, Bernhard
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    Ventura, Stefano
    The name Marivivens marinum, published as sp. nov. by Kang et al. (Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2025;75 : 006735) contravenes Rule 12 c(1) of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP). Albeit the authors of the genus name Marivivens Park et al. 2016 did not specify the gender of the name, the epithet donghaensis of the type species was given the masculine gender, and so was the epithet of Marivivens geojensis (Lee et al. 2019) Qu et al. 2022. Therefore, we here correct the name Marivivens marinum to Marivivens marinus corrig. We also give examples of the correct use of present participles as genus names, based on the rules of the ICNP and on past usage in the nomenclature of prokaryotes.