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    Item type:Publication,
    Collection of Experiences: 25 Years’ Work on Seed Propagation of Allochthonous Woody Plants in Skopje and Their Possible Role in the Urban Landscape
    (SEEFOR, 2023-06-28)
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    In the past decades, numerous landscaping efforts in the urban and suburban areas of Skopje have provided a diversified presence of allochthonous woody species. From the registered 206 allochthonous woody plants, in the past 25 years, 65 species (19 Gymnospermae and 46 Angiospermae) have been the focus of various research and monitoring efforts, including seed propagation and analysis of the generative propagation potential. Considering the variability in the experimental approach, we have performed an extensive literature revision and combined the results from the two in a summary of species that could be of potential interest in the green infrastructure in Skopje, due to their benefits (ornamental use and air pollution remediation) or risks (invasive and allergenic potential). We have also underlined the potential of using urban species as seed banks and species conservation, along with various services they could provide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt that summarizes the allochthonous woody species in Skopje along with the experience regarding their generative potential and possible use in urban forestry. As such, it serves as a base for future experimental research that could provide more information about the seed quality and the species’ benefits in Skopje and the surrounding areas.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Collection of experiences from 25 years work on seed propagation of allochthonous dendroflora at the Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering in Skopje and the surrpoundings
    (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 2022-06)
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    Various efforts in the past decades have contributed for a large variety of allochthonous tree species to become a part of the urban and suburban landscape in Skopje. Of more than 200 registered allochthonous species in the urban and suburban green areas of the city of Skopje, we propagated from seed 65 species, of which 19 coniferous and 46 broadleaved, and subsequently analysed the attributes of their generative propagation potential. This paper summarizes 25 years’ experience in generative propagation of allochthonous species at the „Hans Em“ Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering (HEF) in Skopje, R. of North Macedonia. The collected cones, fruits or seeds were processed to obtain sawing reproductive material. According to the quantity of the collected material and seeds/fruits characteristics, the quality features of the seeds were examined (seed germination rate or viability, seed purity). Prior sawing, according to species dormancy characteristics, different pre-sowing treatments were performed, e.g., pre-soaking in cold water; hydro-thermal procedure; pre-soaking in warm water; maceration in hydrogen chloride; and seed cold stratification. The seeds were sawn in the nurseries of the HEF and in some nurseries of the PE National forests, in containers or in soil. Selection of the nurseries for the seedling production was made in terms with the ecological conditions, favourable for the certain species. One-year old seedling were measured for the shoot height (SH) and root collar diameter (RCD). Seeds germination/viability rate varies in wide range. Seedlings features also vary, depending mostly on nursery technology (bare root and container seedlings) and skills of the nursery stuff. Largest differences in seedlings SH and RDC were recorded within the broadleaved bare root seedlings (e.g. in black locust up to 1000%), while in coniferous species the differences were not of such high significance. Generally, one-year old coniferous seedlings achieved better results in containers, while seedlings of broadleaved species in soil. These results, achieved during two-and-half decades, demonstrate that urban and suburban green areas in the city of Skopje can provide reproductive material for nursery production of species both for ornamental and reforestation purpose. Thus, further optimization as well as research regarding most suitable techniques for generative propagation is needed.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Towards resilient forest establishment in Europe: functional traits, genetic diversity and multifunctional design
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-08-27)
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    Klisz, Marcin
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    Andivia, Enrique
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    Cocozza, Claudia
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    Gömöry, Dušan
    Forest restoration and afforestation across Europe are accelerating, yet the decision-making processes governing forest establishment remain unevenly examined, especially from a biodiversity perspective. Considering this and the global environmental changes of climate shifts, land-use transitions, and biological invasions, the present review provides guidance for planning and establishment of multifunctional forests that enhance biodiversity outcomes without compromising long-term forest productivity or resilience. Aiming to assist both practitioners and researchers, we have particularly focused on tree species selection, plant production and management of forest reproductive material, and on-field establishment practices. Literature revision and expert observations indicate that tree species selection must integrate functional traits, provenance performance, and ecological impact assessments alongside species distribution models, since climatic suitability alone does not predict performance under future conditions. Genetic diversity remains severely underutilized in operational forestry but can be advanced through assisted migration, provenance mixing, and traceable seed sources as practices that need to be better supported and monitored. Concurrently, the plant production chain contains multiple points where genetic diversity is eroded, along with advancement opportunities explored through pan-European projects focusing on diversity standards, regional seed-exchange networks, and low-cost molecular monitoring. On-field, the choice between direct seeding and planting needs to link better genetic diversity targets and site conditions rather than biased preference. And finally, urban forests, increasingly recognized as components of the restoration continuum, require context-specific species selection and a transition from isolated specimen planting to more complex and inclusive design (similar to stand level in natural forests) to deliver meaningful biodiversity and multifunctionality outcomes.