Rashkovski, Dragi
Preferred name
Rashkovski, Dragi
Official Name
Rashkovski, Dragi
Main Affiliation
Email
d_raskovski@yahoo.com
10 results
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Item type:Publication, Legal Responsibility of Artificial Intelligence?(Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2025-12-11); Rashkovska, VeronikaArtificial intelligence, in the way it has entered the social life of people, is starting to create legal situations that are not yet legally resolved. There is no doubt that the development of artificial intelligence, even the one that is visible to the ordinary user, has led to it being able to make “autonomous decisions” for many of the activities it undertakes. This is not pre-programmed, but is part of independent decision-making and “feeling” based on “experience”. The law, and thus society, has as its ultimate goal the sanctioning of socially harmful activities. Therefore, we rightly impose the thesis that it is necessary to sanction the “behavior” of artificial intelligence. Formally and legally, sanctions can be imposed only if they are previously provided for in legal or by-laws for milder sanctions. The very fact that artificial intelligence is not represented as a separate identity in any legal act, and cannot be fully integrated into the two existing ones (legal and natural persons) imposes the thesis, but also the need for it to be legally regulated. Many people, as well as businesses, base their decisions on predictions or advice provided by artificial intelligence. Many of these are paid services, i.e. services based on artificial intelligence platforms that are charged. This leads to the legal and logical conclusion that a formal legal relationship has been established between the user and the artificial intelligence platform, from which rights and obligations arise. In this paper, we will delve into the details of the End User License agreement of several of the better-known and most widely used artificial intelligence platforms to discover whether there are hidden provisions in that agreement that “exempt” artificial intelligence from liability, to what extent, and we will provide guidance on how all of this could change in the direction of protecting the interests of individuals. Artificial intelligence will certainly not disappear from our lives. It is not here temporarily, It can progress with its presence, but not retreat. It is a similar process of industrialization, electrification, and the like that history knows in its infancy, and we as the next generations experience it as normality. The same fate will follow artificial intelligence. We will witness its birth, future generations will experience it as everyday life and necessity. Although it may be a weak method, for now the law is the only one that can fight for some kind of control over it, not to control it in its development, but for the sake of protecting the interests of the individual who must not be left alone. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, A Digital Forensic Copy is not Simply Copying All Files From The Device (Legal Aspects)(11th International Scientific Conference on Knowledge Based Sustainable Development - ERAZ 2025, 2026-02-19); Rashkovska, VeronikaThe main idea of this paper is to delve deeper into the necessity of creating a digital forensic copy when collecting and securing digital evidence, the reason being that the non-creation thereof or creating it incorrectly will lead to further steps in the digital forensic procedure becoming pointless, and the digital evidence to be "Fruits of the poisonous tree" Creating a digital forensic copy is the first step after the digital evidence arrives at the digital forensics lab. It should not only be so because the written procedures require it, but because the digital forensic copy is further the source of the digital evidence, and at the same time – the source remains unchanged. The paper provides practical advice on what the parties in court proceedings (particularly in criminal proceedings) should pay attention to regarding the creation of the digital forensic copy. The first and original advice is that a forensic copy should be immediately made. There is no procedure that can justify not making a digital forensic copy, except for a on-site digital forensics expert on a war field. The paper addresses one of the crucial questions that has been referred to very little so far, and many times it has been misinterpreted – is data extraction the same as making a digital forensic copy and why not? One of the basic methods used in this paper is the comparative method and it will be used to explain the importance of the digital forensic copy procedure by comparing it with other medical, biological and physical procedures that are very commonly known and are part of people's everyday life, so that through such examples, a reader from any professional profile can get a visual representation of the justification of the main hypothesis. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, THE RULE OF LAW AND THE CONCEALMENT OF EVIDENCE BY THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR TO THE DETRIMENT OF THE DEFENDANT(The Faculty of Law of South East European University (North Macedonia), 2025); Rashkovska, Veronika - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, КОДИФИКАЦИЈА НА ПРАВОТО - НЕЈЗИНАТА УЛОГА И ИМПЛИКАЦИИ ВРЗ ПОСТОЈНИТЕ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВА(Institute for Legal-Economic Research an Education IURIDICA PRIMA, 2022); Rashkovska, Veronika - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ПОТВРДУВАЊЕ НА ВЕРОДОСТОЈНОСТА НА ДИГИТАЛНИТЕ ДОКАЗИ(Faculty of Law, Goce Delcev University – Stip, 2022); Rashkovska, Veronika - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The Prosecutor in Digital Forensics Procedure – “Just Look, Don’t Touch”(Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans – UdEkoM Balkan, 2026); Rashkovska, Veronika - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIGITAL EVIDENCE AND EVIDENCE IN DIGITAL FORM(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2025-10-14); Rashkovska, VeronikaAt first glance, the two concepts—digital evidence and evidence in digital form—may seem synonymous. However, while all digital evidence can indeed be classified as evidence in digital form, not all evidence in digital form qualifies as digital evidence. This distinction leads to the conclusion that digital evidence constitutes a subset of evidence in digital form. Yet, even this conclusion is not entirely absolute, as for digital evidence to be admissible in judicial proceedings, it must satisfy specific prerequisites. These are not merely technical prerequisites—which fall outside the scope of this paper—but primarily legal prerequisites that determine whether “ordinary” digital records may be transformed into “admissible” digital evidence capable of serving as the basis for a court ruling. Digital evidence, as a specific category of evidence in digital form, is distinguished from other types of digital-form evidence by the presence of metadata, which serves to substantiate many of its inherent properties. In the absence of such metadata, digital evidence is reduced to mere evidence in digital form, lacking the distinctive qualities that render it probative and admissible. Metadata is often described as “data about data.” These are digital records which, although sometimes invisible or, if visible, incomprehensible to the ordinary user of information technology, provide the unique “fingerprint” of a digital record. Much like a fingerprint left on a physical piece of evidence, metadata authenticates and preserves the integrity of the digital record. Without such a “fingerprint,” one might say that “the glass is shattered on the floor, but it cannot be determined which of those present threw it.” Metadata thus constitutes the DNA of a digital record. Although technical in its essence, metadata is not merely a technical concept. It also functions as a legal category, explicitly addressed in numerous legal instruments regulating the collection of digital evidence, which underscores its fundamental importance. One of the objectives of this scholarly paper is to make this legal-technical concept more accessible to legal practitioners—judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and others—through illustrative examples and an interpretation of existing international legal norms, thereby enabling them to reason in accordance with relevant international standards. At the same time, by examining domestic (Macedonian) legislation, which addresses this subject within what appears to be a somewhat “forgotten” statute, the paper seeks to highlight the gaps that must be addressed in order to ensure the effective application of these norms. Digital evidence has, by its very nature, always existed in digital form, whereas evidence presented in digital form may have originally existed in written or oral form. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, (КРИВИЧНА) ОДГОВОРНОСТ НА ОБВИНИТЕЛОТ ПРИ НЕСОВЕСНО ВОДЕЊЕ НА КРИВИЧНА ПОСТАПКА(Institute for Legal-Economic Research an Education IURIDICA PRIMA, 2025); Rashkovska, Veronika