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    Level of nitric oxide in hypertensive patients scheduled on general anaesthesia
    (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2005-08)
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    Trajkovska, T
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    Soljakova, M
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    Simjanovska, L
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    Isijanovska, R
    In this prospective study we have analysed the level of nitric oxide in hypertensive patients scheduled for general anaesthesia. In the study were included thirty-four patients with chronicle inflammatory disease of the middle ear who have undergone surgical treatment at the Clinic for Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery. The aim of our study was to determine the plasma level of nitric oxide (NO) and its effects on the circulatory system in hypertensive patients during the general anaesthesia maintained with inhalation of oxygen and nitrous oxide (O2/N2O) mixture. Patients were divided in two groups. During the maintenance of general anaesthesia the patients from the first group were ventilated with O2/N2O, while patients from the second group were ventilated with oxygen and air (O2/air) mixture. The other principles during the general anaesthesia were equal for both groups. For determination of the NO plasma levels we have used the enzymatic method according to Conrad et al., 1993. Our results showed that there is a statistically significant difference of NO plasma level between the two groups. The level of NO was higher in the first group (ventilated with O2/N2O) compared to the second group (ventilated with O/air). The mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance were significantly decreased in the first group, as well. Our results suggest that nitrous oxide (N2O) most probably plays the role of NO donor in hypertensive patients during the maintenance of the general anaesthesia with N2O/O2 mixture.
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    The influence of remifentanil and remifentanil-plus-sevoflurane-controlled hypotension on mean arterial pressure and heart rate in children
    (2012)
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    The aim of the study is to determine the influence of remifentanil and remifentanil-plus-sevoflurane-induced anaesthesia on mean arterial pressure and heart-rate during controlled hypotension in children and to evaluate the quality of the operative field.
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    Fungal rhinosinusitis
    (2012)
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    Fungi are a major part of the ecosystem. In fact, over 250 fungal species have been reported to produce human infections. More than ever, fungal diseases have emerged as major challenges for physicians and clinical microbiologists. The aim of this study was to summarize the diagnostic procedures and endoscopic surgical treatment of patients with fungal rhinosinusitis. Eleven patients, i.e. 10% of all cases with chronic inflammation of paranasal sinuses, were diagnosed with fungal rhinosinusitis. Ten of them were patients with a noninvasive form, fungus ball, while only one patient was classified in the group of chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis which was accompanied with diabetes mellitus. All patients underwent nasal endoscopic examination, skin allergy test and had preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans of the sinuses in axial and coronal plane. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery was performed in 10 patients with fungus ball, while a combined approach, endoscopic and external, was done in the immunocompromised patient with the chronic invasive form of fungal rhinosinusitis. Most cases (9/11) had unilateral infection. In 9 cases infection was restricted to a single sinus, and here the maxillary sinus was most commonly affected (8/9) with infections in other patients being restricted to the sphenoid sinus (1/9). Two patients had infections affecting two or more sinuses. In patients with an invasive form of the fungal disease there was involvement of the periorbital and orbital tissues. In patients with fungus ball the mycelia masses were completely removed from the sinus cavities. Long-term outcome was positive in all the operated patients and no recurrence was detected. The most frequent fungal agent that caused rhinosinusitis was Aspergillus. Mucor was identified in the patient with the invasive form. Endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity and CT scanning of paranasal sinuses followed by endoscopic sinus surgery were represented as valuable diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for fungal rhinosinusitis.
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    Улогата на интраназалните кортикостероиди во лекување на алергискиот ринитис
    (Здружение на офталмолози на Македонија = Macedonian Association of Ophthalmologists, 2015)
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    New techniques and devices for difficult airway management
    (2012-09)
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    The purpose of this review is to compare old conventional techniques and devices for difficult airway management and new sophisticated techniques and devices. Recent techniques and devices are defined as the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) practice guidelines for the management of difficult airway, published in 1992, reviewed in 1993 and updated in 2003. According to ASA, the techniques for difficult airway management are divided into techniques for difficult intubation and techniques for difficult ventilation. Awake fiberoptic intubation is the technique of choice for difficult airway management prescribed by the World Health Organization document for patient safety in the operating theater. Conventional techniques for intubation used direct visualization. The new generation of devices does not require direct visualization of the vocal cords for endotracheal tube placement. They allow better glottis view and successful endotracheal placement of the tube with indirect laryngoscopy. New intubation devices such as video laryngoscopes facilitate endotracheal intubation by indirect visualization of glottis structures without aligning the oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal axes in patients with cervical spine abnormality. Video laryngoscopes such as V-Mac and C-Mac, Glide scope, McGrath, Airway Scope, Airtraq, Bonfils and Bullard laryngoscope are widely available at the market. Airway gadgets are lighted stylets and endotracheal tube guides. The principal conclusion of this review is that utilization of these devices can be easily learned. The technique of indirect laryngoscopy is currently used for managing difficult airway in the operating room as well as for securing the airway in daily anesthesia routine.
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    The impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on symptoms in chronic rhinosinusitis
    (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2006)
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    Chronic rhinosinusitis restricts the quality of life of millions of involved patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate how functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) modifies symptom profiles in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Questionnaires were given to eighty patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, who underwent FESS, to assess typically related symptoms preoperatively and postoperatively. Statistical analyses were performed with the Wilcoxon test. Leading symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis were nasal obstruction in 93.7% and post nasal discharge in 86.2% of the patients. Furthermore, patients reported anterior nasal discharge in 72.5%, headache in 65% and hyposmia in 62.5% of the patients. One year postoperatively all the symptoms were significantly improved : nasal obstruction in 87%, post nasal discharge in 74.3%, anterior nasal discharge in 70.5%, headache in 59.4% and hyposmia in 58.7% of the patients. Our results showed that FESS is an adequate and effective method in treatment patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. On the other hand, the questionnaire used in the present study was easy to handle for the patients and allowed successful quantification of sinusitis-related symptoms.
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    Predicting difficult airway in apparently normal adult and pediatric patients
    (2013)
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    The aim of the study was to determine the predicting tests for difficult airway and difficult intubation in apparently normal patients.
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    Anticholinergic syndrome
    (Здружение на офталмолози на Македонија = Macedonian Association of Ophthalmologists, 2015)
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    The aim of this review is to disclose the anticholinergic syndrome and the systemic effects that could resulted from topical eye drops. A 1% solution of atropine contains 1 g dissolved in 100 mL, or 10 mg/ml. Eyedroppers vary in the number of drops formed per milliliter of solution but average 20 drops/ ml. Therefore, one drop usually contains 0.5 mg of atropine. Absorption by vessels in the conjunctive sac is similar to subcutaneous injection. Anticholinergic syndrome is produced by the inhibition of cholinergic neurotrans- mission at muscarinic receptor sites. Clinical manifestations of anticholinergic syndrome are caused by the peripheral and central nervous system effects. Systemic manifestations include dry mouth, tachycardia, atropine flush, atropine fever and impaired vision. The degree of central manifestations are related to the drug’s ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. No specific diagnostic studies exist for anticholinergic overdoses. Laboratory tests like blood and urine cultures in febrile patients, serum electrolyte analysis, arterial blood gas analysis and ECG may be helpful. Patients presenting with anticholinergic toxicity should be treated according to ad- vanced life support algorithm. Physostigmine effectively reverses central anti- cholinergic toxicity. An initial dose of 0.01–0.03 mg/kg may have to be repeated after 15–30 min.
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    Invasive Fungal sinusitis in post COVID-19 patient with multiple comorbidities - case report
    (Macedonian Otorhinolaryngology society, 2022-06-01)
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    Introduction: Secondary invasive Fungal Infections (FI) involving paranasal sinuses is a rare life-threatening opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals. The number of patients with FI is rising constantly globally due to the use of immunosuppressant drugs, increased use of antibiotics(AB) and long hospital stay. The critical point for sharp increase in FI Sinusitis was in post COVID-19 Patients with overuse of AB and comorbidities like Diabetes. Case Presentation: A 68 Year old male patient with multiple comorbidities including Diabetes Melitus 2, was admitted in the state Covid center (GOB 8mi septemvri) and treated 13 days for Covid complications including pneumonia with multiple AB and corticosteroid drugs, including insulin. After hospital discharge, he presented severe headache with dizziness and was hospitalized for 4 days in the neurology clinic. Another course of AB drugs was conveyed because of the lab inflammatory markers, while a specific diagnose was found. The patient developed new symptoms including bulbar propulsion, blurred vision, and somnolence. A CT scan was performed on the second day where an invasive sinusitis with orbital and susp. intracranial complications were found. The patient was urgently transferred to our clinic and prepared for surgical treatment. An orbital abscess incision and FESS (including orbital decompression) was performed. Massive pus collections ware drained. During the ethmoidal openings a classical sign of fungal sinusitis with fungal hypha’s were found and eradicated. Beside the complete and successful endonasal operation the patient situation post op was worsening and he was transferred to the intensive care unit on mechanical ventilation, with complication of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Two days later the patient destabilized and died. Conclusion: COVID-19 patients required multidisciplinary approach in treatment and post hospital care, including ENT specialist. Patient comorbidities should remain in focus during the treatment of the primary illness. The lack of protocols at the start of the pandemics lead to overuse of drugs, such as AB and corticosteroids. Every patient should be individually accessed for determining the right diagnose auspicious.