Kikerkova, Irena
Preferred name
Kikerkova, Irena
Official Name
Kikerkova, Irena
Main Affiliation
Email
irena@eccf.ukim.edu.mk
26 results
Now showing 1 - 10 of 26
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Item type:Publication, Chapter Seven: A Trade Facilitation Agreement Tool to Facilitate and Secure Trade(Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018); ; The growing importance of trade facilitation is acknowledged with the signification of the new Agreement on Trade Facilitation at the WTO Ministerial Conference held in Bali in December 2013. The Trade Facilitation Agreement entered into force in February 2017 after two-thirds of the members completed their domestic ratification process. All countries agree that undertaking measures in this field can be beneficial for increasing their trade and the trade of their partners. The World Customs Organization has developed a methodology and software known as World Customs Organization Time Release Study (WCO TRS). WCO TRS is used to measure the time needed to release the goods and is a useful tool to identify weaknesses, risks and unsolved problems in cross border trade and international transport. Based on the negotiations that were conducted before the signing of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement, OECD undertook work to develop Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs) in order to measure their relative economic and trade impact on trade flows and trade costs in WTO member countries. In this chapter we are going to make an analysis and comparison of the results obtained from the methodology used by the World Customs Organization and the measures used by the OECD. The final goal of the chapter should be to sum up the results from both of the studies, find eventual similarities and offer recommendations that can be used by the official authorities either in Macedonia or within the region and wider to facilitate and secure trade. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Компаративна студија за мерење на времето за царинење и пропуштање на стоките(Универзитет „Св. Кирил и Методиј“ во Скопје, Економски факултет-Скопје, 2016); ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, “Determinants of the Bilateral Trade Flows of North Macedonia – A Gravity Model Approach”(2021); ; ; The paper makes an in detail overview of the structure of the trade exchange of goods of Macedonia and explores the determinants of its bilateral trade flows using the gravity model. The analysis includes data on 40 trade partners of Macedonia in the period from 2005-2019. The used variables in the model are: GDP per capita difference, population, distance and relative endowments of factors of production (capital, land and labour). In most of the analyzed regressions the coefficients on determinants such as GDP per capita difference and population are positive and their impact upon the bilateral trade (as dependent variable) is statistically significant. Intensity of Macedonian trade decreases in regard of the distance from a trade partner and increases in partner’s size – the country tends to trade more with lager countries. In our analysis we included three dummy variables such as: membership in the EU and in CEFTA-2006 and common language. The impact of the possible membership in the EU is clearly positive and statistically significant. Being a candidate country for full EU membership, Macedonia trades more with EU trade partners rather than with the neigbouring countries, members of CEFTA-2006. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The Importance of Intellectual Property Law in the Prevention of Selling Counterfeit Products Online(Emerald Publishing, 2022-09); ; ; Trade in counterfeit products has been expanding continuously. The emergence of the internet, the process of globalisation as well as the increase of digitalisation have enabled counterfeit products to infiltrate legitimate supply chains, causing harm not only to national economies but also to holders of intellectual property rights (IPR). In this chapter, we analyse the possible solutions that holders of IP rights and their legal representatives have in their fight against the online sale of counterfeit products. To elaborate on this issue, first, we explain the legislation on an international level for IPR protection and its specific characteristics. We explain the conventions on the protection of IPR that are governed by the World Intellectual Protection Organisation (WIPO) and the provisions of the TRIPS (Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement governed by the World Trade Organisation (WTO). We also analyse the national legislative procedure of protecting and enforcing IPR in North Macedonia to explain a possible solution to fight online counterfeit trade. As a case study of this chapter, we explain the work of the Online Enforcement Programme of REACT as a not-for-profit organisation with over 30 years of experience in the fight against counterfeit trade and the challenges that they have in fighting against the online sale of counterfeit products. Since IP law is territorial in its nature as a conclusion, we suggest that a more centralised approach is needed in the fight against the online sale of counterfeit products. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, THREATS OF TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS(University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bitola, 2022); ; Many authors point out to severe negative implications that trade in counterfeit medical products may cause to a national economy. It does not only create negative implications from the illegal exploitation of intellectual property rights under the TRIPS Agreement, but also creates serious threats to the economic growth, life, health and safety of citizens and undermines good governance, the rule of law, as well as citizens’ trust in government. The outburst of the COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020 had a strong impact upon the increment of on-line trade in goods, as well as upon on-line trade in pharmaceutical products. Different criminal networks used the COVID-19 pandemic for widening the scope and the scale of their operations in on-line trade in unauthorized or fake pharmaceuticals for medical treatment of different medical conditions including COVID-19. Having on mind the gravity of the problem of global trade in counterfeit pharmaceutical products, the authors of this paper pay due attention to the correct definition on falsified medical/pharmaceutical products; provide literature review and a brief review of actual international and multilateral regulative on intellectual property rights relevant for pharmaceuticals and the exemptions thereof; make an analyses of actual global trends and greatest traders of falsified pharmaceutical products; and finally present concluding remarks. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Panel data analysis of the impact of economic and institutional factors upon the FDI inflow in SEE countries(2018); ; ; The panel data analysis presented in this paper focuses on the impact of economic and institutional factors upon the attractiveness of the economies of South- East Europe (SEE): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo and Croatia for foreign direct investment (FDI). The analysis was done for a period of twenty years (1995-2015) in order to examine which determinants are significant for increased FDI inflow in the SEE countries on a basis of a holistic approach using multiple regressions. Taking into account both economic and institutional variables, the results of the analysis indicate both of them to be significant for attracting FDI. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FACTORS UPON THE FDI INFLOW IN SEE AND CEE COUNTRIES(Publishing house of the University of Bialystok, Poland, 2019-12-25); ; ; Purpose – The goal of this paper is to explore the possible influence of certain economic factors over the FDI inflow in South-East European (SEE) countries and Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. We compare the situation in 7 countries from the region of South-East Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia and 7 countries from the region of Central and Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Enhancing regional cooperation througn custom digitalization in CEFTA - 2006(University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business, 2019); ; ; The past decade of the existence and functioning of the CEFTA - 2006 has indicated that the performances of its members in regard to regional economic integration and trade liberalization have been unsatisfactory. The statistics point out that within the 12-year period of the creation of the CEFTA - 2006 the integrative process is at a standstill. In July 2017, under the so-called Berlin process, representatives of the CEFTA Parties, met in Trieste and decided to enhance the regional cooperation with the creation of regional economic area – an area which should not only eliminate all trade and non-trade barriers in trade in goods, but should also lead to complete liberalization of trade in services, capital and labor as well as digital integration. In order to achieve this, an Additional Protocol 5 to the Agreement on Amendment of and Accession to the Central European Free Trade Agreement has been signed, while Additional Protocol 6 is also planned to be signed and integrated in the following period. This paper will give a brief overview of the trade liberalization achieved within the CEFTA-2006, and the obstacles that were detected which prevented further regional integration. It will then focus on the Additional Protocol 5 and the further requirements on trade facilitation provided therein and will particularly focus on the process of digitalization with the aim of deeper regional economic integration. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Vector Error Correction Model on FDI and their Impact in the Republic of Macedonia(Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb and De Gruyter Open, 2018); ; ; The subject of this paper is the foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow in Macedonia and its impact upon the economic growth and development of the country. Its basic purpose is to analyse the interconnection of FDI with a number of economic, political and institutional variables in Macedonia. We decided to apply Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) on FDI impact upon the Macedonian economy. The FDI indicator is calculated as a function of certain fundamental economic variables (GDP growth rate, labor productivity rate, openness to trade, current account balance) as well as of Worldwide Governance Indicators (control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability, regulatory quality and rule of law). Results obtained by the econometric model should provide relevant conclusions on the impact of the up-to-date FDI inflow upon the growth and development of the Macedonian economy. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Chapter 4 - Sustainable Waste Management Practices: Challenges in the Republic of Macedonia(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2017); ; The paper has a special focus on managing packaging and packaging waste and analyzes the results of the implementation of the Law of Management of Packaging and Packaging Waste which was enforced in 2009. Positive initiatives in waste management practices were undertaken by PAKOMAK, the first Macedonian company that has been holding the license for selecting and processing of packaging waste since January 2011. The company has a proactive role in promoting the importance of packaging waste and its management, with a special emphasis on projects that increase the awareness of the whole society, especially that of the young population. Some of the projects that increase the eco-awareness of young population will be presented in the paper.
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