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    Insight in the Current Progress in the Largest Clinical Trials for Covid-19 Drug Management (As of January 2021)
    (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts/Sciendo, 2021-04-23)
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    Ridova Nevenka
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    Stojanoska, Tatjana
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    Abstract The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has generated the largest global health crisis of the 21st century, evolving into accelerating socioeconomic disruption. In spite of all rapidly and widely emerging scientific data on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the COVID-19 disease, severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuing to propagate in lack of definitive and specific therapeutic agents. Current therapeutic strategies are mainly focused on viral inhibition by antiviral drugs and hampering the exuberant immune response of the host by immunomodulatory drugs. In this review, we have studied the reports of the largest clinical trials intended to COVID-19 treatment published during the first year of the pandemics. In general, these results concentrate on seven therapeutic options: remdesivir, chloroguine/hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir combination, corticosteroids, tocilizumab, convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies. In line with the reviewed data, as of January 2021, most of the evidence support the use of remdesivir in hospitalized patients with moderate and severe forms of the disease and provide reliable data on the substantial beneficial effect of corticosteroids in patients requiring supplemental oxygen. Moreover, preliminary RECOVERY trial results have demonstrated the efficacy of tociluzumab in the treatment of critically ill patients. The reports presenting the outcomes of the other immune-based therapies under investigation are enthusiastically awaited.
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    Pharmacists` vaccine basic knowledge and attitudes in the RN Macedonia
    (Macedonian pharmaceutical association, 2022)
    Krmova, Sanda
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    Community pharmacy practice in Montenegro in the period January-April 2020
    (Macedonian pharmaceutical association, 2022)
    Djurdjic, Beti
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    Maric, Savo
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    Use of tocilizumab for treatment of COVID-19 from off-label to extended indication
    (2022)
    Iskra Velevska
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    Jovana Aleksov
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    Evgenija Mihajloska
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    Aleksandar Dimkovski
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    Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on routine immunization of the population in the Republic of North Macedonia
    (Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association, 2022-12-31)
    Mustafa, Zana
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    Pollozhani, Azis
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    Arsova-Sarafinovska, Zorica
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    Evaluation of Correlation Between the Pharmacogenetic Profiles of Risperidone Treated Psychiatry Patients with Plasma and Urine Concentration of Risperidone and its Active Moiety 9-OH Risperidone Determined with Optimized Bioanalytical LC Method
    (Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2018-12-01)
    Filipce, Ana
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    Nestorovska, Aleksandra Kapedanovska
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    Atypical antipsychotic risperidone is widely used first-line monotherapy in schizophrenia and combined therapy in bipolar disorders. Therapeutic plasma concentrations of risperidone and its active moiety are directly influenced by genetic variations in metabolic CYP450 enzymes (CYP2D6 and CYP3A4/5) and transporter (ABCB1) protein and additional environmental factors. Since active metabolite 9-OH risperidone has a greater percentage of the pharmacologically active fraction and is equipotent to the parent drug risperidone, it is assumed that it contributes significantly to therapeutic and adverse effects. Unpredictable dose/concentration ratio, narrow therapeutic index, number of interactions, along with serious adverse reactions (ADR), raises the need for individualization of risperidone treatment and establishing of good therapeutic regime using TDM. A simple and reliable validated bioanalytical liquide-liquide extraction HPLC/UV method was applied for the simultaneous determination of risperidone and its active metabolite, 9-OH risperidone, in human plasma and urine of 52 hospitalized schizophrenia/bipolar disorder patients treated with risperidone as monotherapy and in polytherapy. All the patients were previously genotyped for CYP2D6 (EM=30, EM/IM=14, IM=4 IM/PM=1 and PM=3) and ABCB1 using Real-Time PCR methods with TaqMan SNP genotyping suitable assays according to the guidelines of the manufacturer (Life Technologies, USA).The influence of CYP2D6 phenotype on metabolic ratio MR (Ris/9-OHRis) in plasma (p=0.012) and in urine (p=0.048) was confirmed. Statistically significant correlation (R2=55.53%, Rho=0.844, p<0,0001) for MR in both plasma and urine indicates that urine may be utilized as appropriate media for initial CYP2D6 phenotype identification and selection of patients on risperidone treatment with high risk for ADR.
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    THE INFLUENCE OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE VACCINATION OF THE POPULATION WITH THE INFLUENZA VACCINE IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
    (Institute of Knowledge Management, 2022-05-31)
    Mustafa, Zana
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    Karadzovski, Zarko
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    Arsova Sarafinovska, Zorica
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    Mihajloska, Evgenija
    The implemented actions to minimize the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic had a powerful effect on the transmission of other respiratory viruses, particularly influenza viruses. Influenza is a disease of viral aetiology that causes epidemics and occasionally pandemics during the wintertime almost every year. Generally, it is a mild and self-limiting disease, but it can represent high morbidity and even mortality when affecting the elderly population or people with latent chronic diseases. The existing circumstances of a persistent and ongoing epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, increase the probability of having active coincidence with the anticipated annual epidemic of influenza. Thus, the key is a logistic strategy for clinical and viral diagnosis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that will determine the importance of understanding the role of influenza vaccines in virus-induced COVID-19 disease. This paper aims to compare the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the vaccination coverage of the population with the influenza vaccine. The official data for seasonal influenza vaccination were used, obtained from the weekly reports on the influenza situation in the Republic of North Macedonia from the Institute of Public Health as well as the data from the national system “MojTermin” for total vaccinated individuals with influenza vaccine for the season 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 including the 5th week. The analyzed data for the season 2021/2022 show an increase of applied doses by 8.3% compared to the season 2020/2021 and an increase of 11.5% compared to the season 2019/2020. Regarding the target groups in the season 2021/2022, including the 5th week, the coverage of influenza vaccination in children aged 6 months to 5 years has a significant decrease of 87.9% compared to the season 2020/2021. There is an increase in coverage in health professionals by 24.3% compared to last season, in the chronically ill the decrease of the applied doses is by 11.4% compared to last season, and in the elderly, over 65 it is noticeable an increase in coverage by 100% compared to the 2020/2021 season. Furthermore, there is a significant decrease of 95.7% in the vaccines administered to pregnant women compared to last season. The reduced coverage of influenza vaccination is partly due to the ambiguities arising from the influenza immunization campaign, which emphasized the importance of receiving a vaccine to minimize the spread of the influenza virus as an additional threat to the presence of COVID-19. Although the influenza vaccine does not protect against COVID-19, influenza vaccination has been part of the public health strategy to flatten the disease curve caused by respiratory viruses that attack the respiratory system, to protect and preserve the health of healthcare professionals providing care to patients with COVID-19. Influenza vaccination is still the most efficient preventive measure against influenza infections at our disposal and it is recommended by the most expert bodies including CDC, WHO, ECDC, and the National Committee for Immunization of the Republic of North Macedonia.