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    Item type:Publication,
    Widespread Distribution of the Sycamore Seed Bug Belonochilus numenius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) Throughout the Republic of North Macedonia
    (Hrvatski Sumarski Institut (Croatian Forest Research), 2019-11-01)
    Srebrova, Katerina
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    <jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Purpose:</jats:bold> <jats:bold> </jats:bold>The sycamore seed bug, <jats:italic>Belonochilus numenius</jats:italic> (Say, 1831), was recorded for the first time in Europe in 2008, with finds in that same year in two separate locations in Spain and two in France. Since then, it has been reported to be present in 17 European countries. Once it reached Europe, the fast spread and establishment of this species was facilitated both by the increased plant trade and the relative frequency of plane trees ( <jats:italic>Platanus</jats:italic> x <jats:italic>acerifolia</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. orientalis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. occidentalis</jats:italic> ) planted on a wide scale across the continent due to their popularity as urban and peri-urban trees. <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:</jats:bold> In the summer of 2019 we inspected urban, peri-urban and natural populations and groups of plane trees throughout North Macedonia, on a total of 44 sites, looking for presence of nymphs and adults of this insect on seed balls. We collected specimens and related data and made identification based on specific external characteristics typical of <jats:italic>B. numenius</jats:italic>. <jats:bold>Results:</jats:bold> We report the first record of <jats:italic>B. numenius</jats:italic> in the Republic of North Macedonia from July 2019, from <jats:italic>P.</jats:italic> x <jats:italic>acerifolia</jats:italic> in Skopje. Furthermore, after inspecting plane trees throughout the country we report the presence of this insect in 29 cities and towns, 3 peri-urban and in 1 natural population of <jats:italic>P. orientalis</jats:italic>. <jats:bold>Conclusions:</jats:bold> From the widespread distribution of this insect species, we conclude that it has entered the territory of North Macedonia many years prior, very likely soon after first records in Serbia in 2011 and Bulgaria in 2012, but has since been overlooked.</jats:p>
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    Item type:Publication,
    Bibliography of Acad. Hans Em
    (Ss. Cyril and Methodius university in Skopje, Faculty of Forestry in Skopje, 2013-12)
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    Acad. Hans Em is one of the founders of modern forestry in Macedonia and the Faculty of Forestry in Skopje. He was the only forest-sector member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, a distinguished professor and dean of the Faculty of Forestry in Skopje. Acad. Em has discovered many new woody species for the forestry science, new founding sites of plants and new forest communities for the time he researched. He was author and co-author of more than a hundred very important papers and vegetation maps concerning the Macedonian and Balkan dendroflora and forest vegetation. This 2013 is a jubilee year -115 years of his birth. Therefore, in this monograph article are previewed all paper works of Acad. Hans Em i.e. his bibliography and most important scientific achievements.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Pine Pitch Canker and Insects: Regional Risks, Environmental Regulation, and Practical Management Options
    (MDPI AG, 2019-08-01)
    Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes
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    Naves, Pedro
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    Musolin, Dmitry L.
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    Selikhovkin, Andrey V.
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    Cleary, Michelle
    Pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’ Donnell), is a serious threat to pine forests globally. The recent introduction of the pathogen to Southern Europe and its spread in Mediterranean region is alarming considering the immense ecological and economic importance of pines in the region. Pines in forests and nurseries can be infected, resulting in severe growth losses and mortality. The pathogen is known to spread in plants for planting and in seeds, and results from recent studies have indicated that F. circinatum may also spread through phoretic associations with certain insects. With this review, we aim to expand the current understanding of the risk of insect-mediated spread of PPC in different parts of Europe. Through the joint action of a multinational researcher team, we collate the existing information about the insect species spectrum in different biogeographic conditions and scrutinize the potential of these insects to transmit F. circinatum spores in forests and nurseries. We also discuss the impact of environmental factors and forest management in this context. We present evidence for the existence of a high diversity of insects with potential to weaken pines and disseminate PPC in Europe, including several common beetle species. In many parts of Europe, temperatures are projected to rise, which may promote the activity of several insect species, supporting multivoltinism and thus, further amplifying the risk of insect-mediated dissemination of PPC. Integrated pest management (IPM) solutions that comply with forest management practices need to be developed to reduce this risk. We recommend careful monitoring of insect populations as the basis for successful IPM. Improved understanding of environmental control of the interaction between insects, the pathogen, and host trees is needed in order to support development of bio-rational strategies to safeguard European pine trees and forests against F. circinatum in future.</jats:p>