Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology

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Skopje

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    Fall Detection Using Location Sensors and Accelerometers
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015-10)
    Lustrek, Mitja
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    Gjoreski, Hristijan
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    Gonzalez Vega, Narciso
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    Kozina, Simon
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    Cvetkovic, Bozidara
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    The need of integrated renovation of the existing building stock in North Macedonia
    (Informa UK Limited, 2020-08-06)
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    Shendova, Veronika
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    Necevska-Cvetanovska, Golubka
    Republic of North Macedonia is a seismic prone country with a long tradition and positive experience in the field of seismic design of new and strengthening of the existing buildings up to pre-defined levels of seismic protection. The principal seismic design philosophy which is stipulated in the regulations is based on protection of human lives against strong earthquakes and partially on controlled damage due to the so called frequent earthquakes. The current construction practice generally target only one of the seven basic work requirements for construction works defined in Construction Products Regulation (CPR, 2011) i.e. mechanical resistance and stability. Starting from 2013, when the first national regulation for energy performance of the building was issued, there are some positive initiatives/ examples at national and local scale. These initiatives encompassed building capacities in construction sector in order to provide competent and qualified national workforce, necessary for achievement of national energy efficiency targets; launching the energy efficiency programs for public buildings at municipality level (pilot-project), research experimental program for developing innovative technology for earthquake resistant and energy efficiency buildings, etc. However, till today there is no integrated methodology which will target simultaneously earthquake resistance and eco-efficiency of the existing building stock in the country.
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    Rotation-Free Based Numerical Model for Nonlinear Analysis of Thin Shells
    (MDPI AG, 2021-12-17)
    Smoljanović, Hrvoje
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    Balić, Ivan
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    Munjiza, Ante
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    <jats:p>This paper presents a computationally efficient numerical model for the analysis of thin shells based on rotation-free triangular finite elements. The geometry of the structure in the vicinity of the observed triangular element is approximated through a controlled domain consisting of nodes of the observed finite element and nodes of three adjacent finite elements between which a second-order spatial polynomial is defined. The model considers large displacements, large rotations, small strains, and material and geometrical nonlinearity. Material nonlinearity is implemented by considering the von Mises yield criterion and the Levi–Mises flow rule. The model uses an explicit time integration scheme to integrate motion equations but an implicit radial returning algorithm to compute the plastic strain at the end of each time step. The presented numerical model has been embedded in the program Y based on the finite–discrete element method and tested on simple examples. The advantage of the presented numerical model is displayed through a series of analyses where the obtained results are compared with other results presented in the literature.</jats:p>
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    Experimental Verification of Innovative, Low-Cost Method for Upgrading of Seismic Resistance of Masonry Infilled Rc Frames
    (MDPI AG, 2025-07-31)
    Bojadjiev, Jordan
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    Necevska Cvetanovska, Golubka
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    Varevac, Damir
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    Bojadjieva, Julijana
    <jats:p>For the past few decades, during each disastrous earthquake, severe damage and poor seismic performance of masonry infilled RC frames, including many newly designed ones, have been reported extensively. Inherent problems related to analysis and design methods for tight-fit infilled frame structures have not yet been solved and are recognized as being far from satisfactory in terms of completeness and reliability. The primary objective of this research was to propose and test an innovative method that can effectively mitigate undesirable interaction damage to masonry infilled RC frame structures. This proposed technical solution consists of connection of the infill panel to the bounding columns with steel reinforcement connections deployed in mortar layers and anchored to the columns. This is practical, cheap and easy to implement without any specific technology, which is especially important for developing countries. A three story, two bay RC building model with the proposed connection implemented on the infill walls was designed and tested on the shake table at IZIIS in Skopje, N. Macedonia. The test results and design guidelines/recommendations from the proposed research are also expected to benefit the infrastructural development in other countries threatened by earthquakes, preferably in the Balkan and the Mediterranean region.</jats:p>
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    Experimental investigation on masonry structural joint repointing with cement-polymer mortar and polypropylene strips
    (Croatian Association of Civil Engineers, 2024-09)
    Churilov, Sergey
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    Dumova-Jovanoska, Elena
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    Shendova, Veronika
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    Damchevski, Bojan
    Unreinforced masonry structures are prevalent in urban areas. Many of these structures are vulnerable to earthquakes, which are the primary causes of damage and failure. Therefore, conducting comprehensive studies to assess the structural capacity of these buildings is crucial for understanding their behaviour and vulnerability and for proposing effective strengthening measures. This integrated experimental and numerical study explored the effectiveness of joint repointing as a viable method for strengthening masonry structures. A review of recent research on various joint repointing techniques and materials is presented in the first part of this paper. The experimental investigations of unreinforced and strengthened masonry panels, utilising cement-polymer mortar and polypropylene strips in bed joints subjected to compressive and diagonal compressive strengths, are detailed. The experimental results demonstrate that structural joint repointing significantly improves the strength and has a minor effect on the ductility of the masonry, particularly when the original mortar has low-strength properties, as expected in existing buildings. The obtained results enable the calibration of nonlinear numerical models and modelling strategies used to study the elements in a more extensive manner, allowing for parametric studies and the application of the findings to existing buildings.
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    Harmonized methodology for cross-border hazard and risk assessment of earthquake-induced landslides at regional scale
    (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-03-25)
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    Fotopoulou, Stavroula
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    Bozzoni, Francesca
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    Development of infinite elements for simulation of unbounded media
    (Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science (CEON/CEES), 2018)
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    Demir, Aydin
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    Ozturk, Hakan
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    Improving the physical and mechanical properties of clayey soil by adding waste material  fly ash and stone flour
    (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2025-09-11)
    Marinković, Nemanja
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    Zlatanović, Elefterija
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    Bonić, Zoran
    Stabilization of clayey soil with an inadequate physical and mechanical properties in its natural state represents one of the actual challenges in contemporary geotechnical engineering. Among numerous stabilization techniques, chemical stabilization stands out as an effective technique for stabilizing clayey soils. By applying this technique, various types of stabilizers may be used, whereby they react with soil particles and modify its structure, contributing to the permanent improvement of the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. In this study, waste materials obtained as a product of industrial processes, such as fly ash and rock flour, were considered as chemical stabilizers. A comparative analysis of the effects of adding fly ash and rock flour on improving the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and the shear strength parameters of clayey soil was performed, while simultaneously monitoring the durability of the achieved effects.
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    EFFECTS OF GROUND MOTION INTENSITY IN ASSESSMENT OF SOIL SLOPES IN EARTHFILL DAM
    (University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2025-03-19)
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    Stanko, Davor
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    Shalic-Makreska, Radmila
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    The cumulative displacement of sloped soil masses in earth-fill dams subjected to seismic loading is fundamentally governed by both the magnitude and frequency characteristics of the seismic excitation. This correlation necessitates comprehensive numerical simulations incorporating diverse acceleration time histories to capture the full spectrum of potential seismic responses. This manuscript examines the response of an earth dam slope susceptible to seismically-induced instability under various earthquake scenarios with distinct magnitude-frequency characteristics. The accurate modeling of soil media becomes particularly critical in situations where dynamic pore pressure generation occurs within the soil matrix. The coupled numerical approach developed in this study conceptualizes the soil element as a three-phase medium composed of soil grains, pore water and pore air. The simulation considers a nonlinear behavior with respect to the water retention curves and material model for the solid state and analysis is performed by ANSYS and PLAXIS. The air pressure is assumed to stay atmospheric in the course of the calculation and matric suction is equal to a negative value of the hydrostatic stress in water pressure. The coupled model allows to take into account the deformations of the soil skeleton and simultaneously considers the pore water pressure change during the earthquake excitation. The seismic behavior of the slope gives interesting results considering both deformation and pore water pressure development. The primary objectives of this research are to investigate the seismic response of earth dam slopes under various earthquake scenarios and compare results between ANSYS and PLAXIS software implementations for multiphase soil modeling. The contributions include the development of a comprehensive coupled numerical approach that simultaneously considers soil deformation and pore pressure evolution during seismic loading along with the integration of hypoplastic material model with multiphase flow analysis.
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    Assessment of soil behavior in seismic excitations by exploring different approaches
    (University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2024-10-08)
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    Stanko, Davor
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    Salic-Makreska, Radmila
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    In geotechnical earthquake engineering seismic site response analysis is a very complex task, which has gained an increasing importance for the last decades. This paper aims to numerically simulate the effect of an earthquake input in different types of soil layers in order to get the dynamic amplification factor. The methodology for correctly simulation of seismic waves propagation includes thorough theoretical background aided with different softwares (Shake, Strata,DeepSoil and Plaxis) which allow the simulation of soil as nonlinear material model or small strain linearly elastic material. The verification of the model is done by comparison of numerical results in relation to two different soil profiles from Varazdin, Croatia and from Skopje, Macedonia. The proposed approach should demonstrate and illustrate the special points in taking into account the modelling of different layers. The earthquake input is given as acceleration signal which in case of low densities of soil material are prone to initiate higher amplifications. Finally, the advantages and limitations of the proposed numerical model are discussed in detail.