Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://repository.ukim.mk/handle/20.500.12188/5

The Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering (FCSE) within UKIM is the largest and most prestigious faculty in the field of computer science and technologies in Macedonia, and among the largest faculties in that field in the region. The FCSE teaching staff consists of 50 professors and 30 associates. These include many “best in field” personnel, such as the most referenced scientists in Macedonia and the most influential professors in the ICT industry in the Republic of Macedonia.

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Comparing the Use of Simu5G and 5G‐Sim‐V2I/N Modules When Analysing the Edge Computing Resource Management Efficiency
(Wiley, 2025-04-29)
Bernad, Cristina
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Gilly, Katja
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Thomas, Nigel
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Roig, Pedro Juan
Performance analysis of smart edge computing orchestration algorithms should be done using a realistic urban simulation environment wherein mobile users are accessing their edge services using a readily available 5G network. In this paper, we investigate the influence of using two different 5G simulation frameworks, which are provided as readily available possibilities to model the access network used to deliver edge computing services. The results show that although both frameworks aim to implement the 5G specifications and are deemed suitable choices for simulating a 5G smart city vehicular environment, there can be significant differences in the obtained macro results. The analysis of the simulation results from two identical studies where the only change is the choice of a 5G simulation framework shows that the obtained average end-to-end edge service latency as perceived by edge users can differ up to more than 21 times. The choice of 5G simulation framework is also reflected in the overall generated workload for the edge computing orchestration leading to over 25% more migrations when using 5G-Sim-V2I/N compared to Simu5G.
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Performance comparison of LSTM-based handover prediction models for 6G MEC services
(Elsevier BV, 2026-06)
Bernad, Cristina
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Gilly, Katja
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Full‐mesh VPN performance evaluation for a secure edge‐cloud continuum
(2024-08)
Kjorveziroski, Vojdan
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Bernad, Cristina
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Gilly, Katja
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The recent introduction of full-mesh virtual private network (VPN) solutions which offer near native performance, coupled with modern encryption algorithms and easy scalability as a result of a central control plane have a strong potential to enable the implementation of a seamless edge-cloud continuum. To test the performance of existing solutions in this domain, we present a framework consisted of both essential and optional features that full-mesh VPN solutions need to support before they can be used for interconnecting geographically dispersed compute nodes. We then apply this framework on existing offerings and select three VPN solutions for further tests: Headscale, Netbird, and ZeroTier. We evaluate their features in the context of establishing an underlay network on top of which a Kubernetes overlay network can be created. We test pod-to-pod TCP and UDP throughput as well as Kubernetes application programming interface (API) response times, in multiple scenarios, accounting for adverse network conditions such as packet loss or packet delay. Based on the obtained measurement results and through analysis of the underlying strengths and weaknesses of the individual implementations, we draw conclusions on the preferred VPN solution depending on the use-case at hand, striking a balance between usability and performance.
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Relocation of container-based services in a MEC-NFV orchestrated environment
(Springer, 2024)
Bernad, Cristina
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Roig, Pedro
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Alcaraz, Salvador
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Gilly, Katja
With the rapid growth of real-time next-generation mobile services, it has become necessary to work towards holistic orchestration of the benefits promised with edge computing based on bringing the computing infrastructure closer to the end user. While the concept of Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) integrated with Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) is being standardised, there is still a lot of work to be done to orchestrate the relocation of edge applications integrated in 5G and beyond systems in a smooth and efficient manner. In this paper, we document the current status of the transparent relocation of edge services in an experimentally deployed MEC-NFV environment based on OSM. Working towards gathering monitoring training datasets necessary for the development of proactive MEC application orchestrators that will implement seamless follow-me behaviour for MEC services, we provide benchmark results for the service downtime of three potential MEC services hosted in lightweight containers. Our analysis of results shows that containers exhibit improved performance over that of virtual machines, but there are still some issues that require improvement in both the orchestration implementation as well at the relocation process for containers.
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MEC Empowered Internet of Vehicles for Smart City Optimisations
(IEEE, 2024-03-01)
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Bernad, Cristina
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Gilly, Katja
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Roig, J. Pedro
With the growth of data driven services, vehicles are moving one step beyond their connected nature by becoming an intelligent part of the Internet of Things ecosystem. The concept of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) stems from this development describing the network of humans, vehicles and things as a means of achieving an intelligent urban infrastructure. With the next-generation communication technologies promise of providing ultra low latencies, one of the major obstacles in achieving highly-performing smart city is the distribution of computing power where the vehicles computing power is no longer sufficient for the increasing multimedia based services and the cloud introducing unacceptable latency for real time scenarios. As multi-access edge computing (MEC) can be employed to overcome these issues by co-locating additional computing power with the communication access points, the main goal of this paper is to investigate the performances of this complex MEC empowered IoV ecosystem to support the development of smart cities. Our analysis shows that large scale urban scenarios can be created to simulate all relevant aspects of the ecosystem as a whole, but more work is needed in optimising the underlying technologies and their performances.
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Multi-access Edge Computing Smart Relocation Approach from an NFV Perspective
(Springer Nature, 2023-01-01)
Bernad, Cristina
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Roig, Pedro Juan
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Alcaraz, Salvador
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Gilly, Katja
This paper analyses the virtualised entities migration process implementation within the ETSI-compliant edge framework, considering the necessary multi-access edge computing (MEC) modules information interchange required for instantiation, termination and migration of MEC applications. Based on the variant of the MEC-NFV architecture and the functions of each element of it, a communication process that includes network function virtualisation (NFV) interfaces is provided, as a step towards the unresolved challenge of modelling and developing a migration procedure that is aligned with the MEC standardisation process.
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Full-mesh VPN performance evaluation for a secure edge-cloud continuum
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2024-03-11)
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Gilly, Katja
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The recent introduction of full-mesh virtual private network (VPN) solutions which offer near native performance, coupled with modern encryption algorithms and easy scalability as a result of a central control plane have a strong potential to enable the implementation of a seamless edge-cloud continuum. To test the performance of existing solutions in this domain, we present a framework consisted of both essential and optional features that full-mesh VPN solutions need to support before they can be used for interconnecting geographically dispersed compute nodes. We then apply this framework on existing offerings and select three VPN solutions for further tests: Headscale, Netbird, and ZeroTier. We evaluate their features in the context of establishing an underlay network on top of which a Kubernetes overlay network can be created. We test pod-to-pod TCP and UDP throughput as well as Kubernetes application programming interface (API) response times, in multiple scenarios, accounting for adverse network conditions such as packet loss or packet delay. Based on the obtained measurement results and through analysis of the underlying strengths and weaknesses of the individual implementations, we draw conclusions on the preferred VPN solution depending on the use-case at hand, striking a balance between usability and performance.
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End-to-end simulation environment for mobile edge computing
(Elsevier BV, 2022-12)
Gilly, Katja
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Bernad, Cristina
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Roig, Pedro J.
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Alcaraz, Salvador
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Performances analysis of resource management techniques and algorithms for edge computing is a crucial step that reveals the effectiveness of edge service placement and migration strategies in terms of delay and usage. To be able to gauge how different optimisations affect the end user quality of experience a holistic approach is needed, so that the end-to-end delay can be measured in a combined setup where the edge infrastructure is integrated in the 5G system architecture. For these purposes we put forward an open source workflow based on the integration of proven simulators as SUMO, OMNeT++ and CloudSim, that will provide the means to create large scale urban mobile simulation environments. This paper discusses the benefits and challenges of such an approach, and provides example results that showcase a few aspects of the potential end-to-end delay analysis by processing the gathered simulation output.
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An efficient architecture for edge data center networks
(2022)
Roig, Pedro Juan
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Alcaraz, Salvador
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Gilly, Katja
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Bernad, Cristina
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Edge AI environments are ever increasing as the amount of IoT-connected devices grow, thus rising the level of carbon emissions of such ecosystems. Therefore, sustainable AI cloud/edge systems are a must in order to minimize all those emissions, where AI plays its part in gaining efficiency. In this paper, a scheme to easily organize and optimize the computing resources in an edge data center is going to be proposed, based on a specific toroidal grid topology which minimizes distance between any pair of hosts being part of it, thus reducing energy needs. That architecture may be dynamically adjusted according to the current traffic conditions and their expected variations so as to further save power consumption by using just the necessary computing assets.
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Formal algebraic modelling of a city-wide smart parking system
(IEEE, 2020-06-12)
Juan Roig, Pedro
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Alcaraz, Salvador
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Gilly, Katja
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Aknin, Noura
One of the main applications of smart cities are parking systems based on IoT/Fog technology. In this paper, we carry out the study of formal algebraic models for such systems. In that context, first of all we undertake the study of a model for a street with a single parking space, extending it with a string of parking spaces. Additionally, we add up some parking control at fog level in order to apply parking restrictions in case of local environment issues, such as air pollution or poor weather conditions. Eventually, we also add up an orchestration level so as to prevent parking related to intelligence information, such as traffic congestion down the road, an accident nearby, or adverse weather forecast to come.

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering

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