Institute of Animal Science

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Possibility of extending shelf life of cevapcici
(Institut za higijenu i tehnologiju mesa, 2025-01)
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Effects of water contamination with heavy metals on pigmented macrophages in spleen of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman) from three rivers in the North-Eastern region of North Macedonia
(Hrvatski Prirodoslovno Drustvo (Croatian Society for Natural Sciences), 2022-07-01)
Ivanova, Lozenka
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Dragun, Zrinka
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Kostov, Vasil
Background and purpose: Pigmented macrophage aggregates (PMAs) are a part of the immune system of fish and are considered as valuable biomarkers of the impact of water pollution on fish health.Materials and methods: Immunomodulatory effect of water contaminated with high levels of metals on spleen and splenic PMAs of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis) (n=129) was examined in two seasons, spring, and autumn 2012. For this purpose, three rivers were chosen: the Zletovska River, heavily contaminated with metals, the Kriva River, moderately contaminated with metals combined with high level of organic matter, and the Bregalnica River, without heavy metal contamination. Spleen masses and splenosomatic indices (SSI) were used for determining the general impact of water contamination on the immune system of Vardar chub. Moreover, volumes and numbers of PMAs within spleen tissue were determined stereologically.Results: The isolated effect of high exposure to metals caused the reduction of spleen mass and/or SSI in the fish from the Zletovska River. The combined effect of exposure to metals and high levels of nutrients in the fish from the Kriva River referred to stimulation of PMAs response, namely increased volumes of splenic PMAs. The existence of seasonally dependent differences was noted since the observed variability in PMAs between rivers occurred only in the autumn.Conclusions: Splenic PMAs in the Vardar chub can be used as an additional biomarker of metal pollution, but with caution, since enhancement of the volumes and numbers of MACs depends on the exposure level of heavy metals, on the presence of the other contaminants, as well as on the physiological condition of the fish.</jats:p>
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Pollution impact on metal and biomarker responses in intestinal cytosol of freshwater fish
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023-05)
Filipović Marijić, Vlatka
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Krasnići, Nesrete
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Valić, Damir
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Kapetanović, Damir
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Vardić Smrzlić, Irena
In the present study, essential and nonessential metal content and biomarker responses were investigated in the intestine of fish collected from the areas polluted by mining. Our objective was to determine metal and biomarker levels in tissue responsible for dietary intake, which is rarely studied in water pollution research. The study was conducted in the Bregalnica River, reference location, and in the Zletovska and Kriva Rivers (the Republic of North Macedonia), which are directly influenced by the active mines Zletovo and Toranica, respectively. Biological responses were analyzed in Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis; Karaman, 1928), using for the first time intestinal cytosol as a potentially toxic cell fraction, since metal sensitivity is mostly associated with cytosol. Cytosolic metal levels were higher in fish under the influence of mining (Tl, Li, Cs, Mo, Sr, Cd, Rb, and Cu in the Zletovska River and Cr, Pb, and Se in the Kriva River compared to the Bregalnica River in both seasons). The same trend was evident for total proteins, biomarkers of general stress, and metallothioneins, biomarkers of metal exposure, indicating cellular disturbances in the intestine, the primary site of dietary metal uptake. The association of cytosolic Cu and Cd at all locations pointed to similar pathways and homeostasis of these metallothionein-binding metals. Comparison with other indicator tissues showed that metal concentrations were higher in the intestine of fish from mining-affected areas than in the liver and gills. In general, these results indicated the importance of dietary metal pathways, and cytosolic metal fraction in assessing pollution impacts in freshwater ecosystems.
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The effect of different pollutants exposure on the pigment content of pigmented macrophage aggregates in the spleen of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman, 1928)
(Wiley, 2020-09)
Ivanova, Lozenka
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Dragun, Zrinka
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Kostov, Vasil
Pigmented macrophage aggregates (MAs) are known to change under influence of various factors, such as aging, season, starvation, and/or pollution. In this study, changes in the pigment content of the MAs in the spleen of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis, Karaman) (n = 129) collected in spring and autumn, from three rivers with different pollution impact was examined: Zletovska River (metals), Kriva River (metals and municipal wastewater), and Bregalnica River (municipal wastewater). Collected data revealed increased relative volume and number of MAs containing hemosiderin under the influence of metals, significant in autumn (p < .05). In chub exposed to metals combined with municipal wastewater, significant increase of lipochrome accumulation in MAs in autumn, melanin in MAs in fish captured in the spring season, and number of splenic MAs containing combination of melanin and lipochrome was noted. Volumes and number of MAs containing combination of hemosiderin and lipochrome increased in spleen of fish captured in autumn from both Zletovska River and Kriva River, most likely due to the contribution of hemosiderin and lipochrome, respectively. Values measured for the various pigments in splenic MAs in fish captured from Bregalnica River, were overall closer to the values measured for fish captured from Kriva River. Notably, melanin and lipochrome are more likely to be found in fish from waters influenced by municipal wastewater (organic pollution) and hemosiderin in fish spleen from water influenced by mining activity (heavy metals pollution).
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EVALUATION OF NITRITE AND NITRATE CONTENT IN MEAT PRODUCTS AVAILABLE ON THE MACEDONIAN MARKET
(2024)
Daniela Belichovska, Aleksandra Silovska Nikolova
In recent years, there has been increasing discussion about the harmful effects of added nitrites and nitrates in processed meat products. For these reasons, consumers are increasingly focused on consuming meat products with reduced nitrite content. The aim of the present research was to determine the content of nitrites and nitrates in commercial meat products available on the Macedonian market. A total of 120 samples were analyzed, including 12 samples of dry sausages, 20 samples of boiled sausages, 20 samples of semi-dry sausages, 24 samples of meat chunk sausages, 24 samples of semi-dry cured meat products and 20 samples of dry-cured meat products. The determined content of nitrites and nitrates in the tested meat products was in accordance with legal regulations. Monitoring the levels of nitrites and nitrates in meat products is necessary to ensure safe final products on the Macedonian market.
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EFFECT OF TOASTING ON THE FAT CONTENT OF SOYBEANS (Glycine max L. Merrill)
(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2024)
Petrov, Petar
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Beliěovska, Daniela
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Mateva, Matea
The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of thermal processing of soybeans on changes in its lipid status. Two soybean varieties, Pella and Ilindenka, were keyed in the research, and the analyses to determine the lipid composition of soybeans were carried out in raw and thermally processed "toasted" soybeans. The thermal treatment was performed by exposing the material to a temperature of 125 oC for 15 minutes. The purpose of heat treatment is inactivation of anti-nutritional compounds in the grain such as trypsin inhibitors and urease which are the main problem when using raw soybeans in the diet of monogastric animals. Due to the sensitive relationship of fats to thermal treatment, a comparative study was made in order to determine the oxidative degree of fats in soy. Based on the results obtained from the quantitative analyses carried out to determine the fat content in soybeans, it was concluded that the thermal treatment of soybeans does not cause changes in the content of total fats in soybeans, and with regard to the lipid profile, a difference was found between the content of total unsaturated fatty acids.
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INFLUENCE AND ROLE OF FAT ON THE SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF MEAT PRODUCTS
(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 2024)
Belichovska, Daniela
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Silovska Nikolova, Aleksandra
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Petrov, Petar
Fat plays a major role in the development of the sensory characteristics of meat and meat products. They affect the change of appearance, smell, aroma, texture, and especially the overall impression of meat products. Aroma is a joint impression of taste and smell that is felt during chewing. The specific aroma of some types of meat depends on the fat composition. Oxidation of pork and beef fat are important factors in creating the right smell and taste in these types of meat. In contrast, sheep fat creates a specific, strongly expressed aroma. The aroma of the product depends on the amount and type of fat (intermuscular, intramuscular, structural and adipose). Fat also affects the texture of meat products. Texture means: softness, juiciness, friability, fine bite sensation, toughness and elasticity, and it is a set of properties that can be evaluated sensory or instrumentally. Fats are important for the rheological and structural characteristics of meat products and for the formation of a stable emulsion. When shaping the texture of meat products, apart from the type and amount of added fat, the interaction of fat with other ingredients is of great importance. Reduc-ing the fat content below 15% contributes to the reduction of textural characteristics in the final meat product. The appearance and color of meat products are very important because they attract consumers the most and give the first visual impression of their quality. The attractiveness of the color depends on the muscle pigment − myoglobin, and its compounds. The fat content of meat affects its color. Marbled meat has a lighter color. A big reason for the reduction of typicality and color intensity of meat products is the replacement of animal fats with vegetable oils.
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The Export Capacity of Small and Medium Agro-enterprises
(Institute of Animal Science, 2020)
Kostadinov, Tosho
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Family Enterprises in the Rural Areas of the Southwest Region in the Republic of North Macedonia
(Institute of Animal Science, 2021)
Kostadinov, Tosho
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Peculiarities of the Internationalization of Small and Medium Agro-enterprises
(2021)
Kostadinov, Tosho

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