Institute of Animal Science

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THE NUMBER AND COMPOSITION OF YEASTS AND MOULDS DEVELOPING IN BEATEN CHEESE PRODUCED IN INDUSTRIAL CAPACITY
(Institute of Animal Science, R. N. Macedonia, 2022-12)
Levkov Vesna
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Beličovska Daniela
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Eftimova Elena
A b s t r a c t: The changes in the number end composition of yeasts and moulds during beaten cheese production and ripening were studied. The cheese was prepared in dairy in western part of North Macedonia by using raw cows’ milk and without adding starter culture. The obtained results indicate the presence of yeasts in all stages of cheese preparation. The number of yeasts in milk was in range of 3.62–4.25 log CFU·ml–1 and has increased during dry ripening reaching maximum value of 5.91 log CFU·g-1 in the 3rd day of ripening during the 3rd producing process. The beaten cheese ripening in brine results in decreasing yeasts number reaching value of 3.60 log CFU·g-1. The yeasts isolates were determinate as Kluyveromyces marxianus, Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia polymorpha, Pichia membranifaciens, Trichosporon pululans, Torulopsis sp., Candida sp. The moulds were not noticed in all stages during beaten cheese making and ripening. They were continuously present during dry ripening till the 15th day of brining. Isolated species were determined as Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, Mucor mucedo, M. pusilus, Penicillium sp., Trichotecium sp., and Trichoderma viride
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VARIABILITY OF SOME PRODUCTION TRAITS OF KARAKACHANIAN SHEEP IN MACEDONIA
(Institute of Animal Science, R. N. Macedonia, 2022-09)
Pacinovski Nikola
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Eftimova Elena
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Levkov Vesna
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Mateva Nataša
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Beličovska Daniela
A b s t r a c t: Karakachanian (Karakachan) sheep, an indigenous strain of the Pramenka breed in Mac-edonia, is in bigger danger of disappearance than the other two indigenous strains (Ovchepolian and Sharplaninian). Beside in Macedonia, Karakachanian sheep is also present in the other countries of the Balkan Peninsula, namely: Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania and Turkey, its populations being at minimum level. This breed was created by many-century selection of the sheep, bred by the Karakachans, who were mostly nomads. These sheep are of small body weight and size, low productivity and triple production line (milk, meat, wool). They are quite vital animals, energetic, resistant to illnesses, and well adapted to adverse environmental conditions. Karakachanian sheep are either of dark or white colour of the hair. By the inves-tigations conducted, these facts have been established: total production of lactation milk: 27.00 lit; average daily milk production: 0.17 lit; average percentage of milk fat: 8.38%; average percentage of protein: 4.54%; average percentage of lactose: 4.41%; average percentage of fat-free dry matter: 9.10%; average percentage of total dry matter: 16.74%; length of the lactation period: 156 days. The low production results clearly indicate the main reason for which this sheep breed has been supplanted by other, more productive sheep breeds.
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POSSIBILITIES FOR PORK FAT, PHOSPHATE AND NITRITE REPLACEMENT IN CHICKEN FRANKFURTER PRODUCTION
(Institute of Animal Science, R. N. Macedonia, 2022-09)
Beličovska Daniela
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Pejkovski Zlatko
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Silovska-Nikolova Aleksandra
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Beličovska Katerina
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Levkov Vesna
A b s t r a c t: With the aim the possibility of total pork fat, phosphate and nitrite substitution in chicken frankfurters production to be examined, three variants of frankfurters made of chicken thighs, breasts and additives were produced: control – with pork fat, phosphate and nitrite (FPN); with vegetable oils and cochineal (OC); with vegetable oils, cochineal and paprika extract (OCP). Following parameters were investigated in all treatments of frankfurters: pH value, weight loss during heat treatment, proximate composition, phosphate content, residual nitrite content and degree of oxidation. The highest cooking loss (7.33%), during thermal processsing of frankfurters was established in variant FPN and the lowest one (6.68%) in OC. pH also was the highest (6.44) in FPN and the lowest (6.34) in OC. Moisture content ranged from 61.09% (OC), to 61.74% (FPN). Proteins were presented from 11.08% (OCP) to 11.92% (FPN), total crude lipids from 20.09% (OCP) to 22.11% (FPN), and ash from 2.73% (OCP) to 3.06% (OC). Phosphate content was reduced from 260.43 mg/100 g in control variant to 179.30 mg/100 g in OCP, or 157.30 mg/100 g in OC. Only in control variant residual nitrite (2.17 ppm) were determined, in which the initial input of nitrite was 55 ppm. Low TBA values (<0.20) indicate that lipid oxidation was almost completely prevented during the period of 42 investigated days. It can be concluded that pork fat substitution with rapeseed and sunflower oil; phosphate with combination of potato starch, caseinate and sodium citrate, and nitrite with cochineal and paprika extract in chicken frankfurters production is possible
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GOAT BREEDING IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA – SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVE
(Institute of Animal Science, R. N. Macedonia, 2022-10)
Eftimova Elena
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Pacinovski Nikola
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Palaševska Ana
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Belichovska Daniela
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Levkov Vesna
A b s t r a c t: The Paper shows the state of goat production in the Republic of North Macedonia with an emphasis on the last 20 years (2000-2020). The data on the movement of the number of goats, the quantity of goat milk and meat which is produced, the breed types of the goats in the country, breeding technology and other indicators of goat production have been processed. It is important to point out that in order to improve the quality of goat production, it is still necessary to work in the direction of modernization and wide use of new breeding technologies, all with the aim of increasing production properties, improving the well-being of goats and quality monitoring of their health condition, as well as improving the economic condition of the farmers.
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CONDITIONS AND TRENDS IN THE SHEEPBREEDING SECTOR IN R. MACEDONIA
(The Balkans Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Belgrade, 2022-06)
Pacinovski Nikola
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Eftimova Elena
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Mateva Natasha
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Levkov Vesna
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Daniela Belichovska
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PREDICTION OF TEST DAY MILK YIELD BY AC METHOD IN INDIGENOUS BALKAN GOATS IN MACEDONIA
(Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun, 2017)
Pacinovski, Nikola
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GEORGE DIMOV
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Eftimova Elena
Accurate and precise milk recording is one of the most important moments for a successful selection of milking goats. In this context, breeders are constantly making efforts to find the most suitable and cheapest methods for conducting of tests for milk production. The goal of this research was to compare the A4 method (as referent method) with AC method (as alternative method), for determination of milk production, on the day of recording of the indigenous Balkan goat, in the period of 2014-2016 with milking of goats in the morning and evening. It was determined that the difference between the predicted daily milk yield with one milking (in the morning or evening) and the measured milk yield using the A4 method is too low and almost negligible. With the analysis of all factors (year, lactation and number of milk tests), it was determined that the prediction of total daily milk yield, based on the evening milking, provides more accurate result, in relation to the prediction during morning milking, in cases when using the AC method.
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CORRELATION BETWEEN CERTAIN EXTERIOR AND PRODUCTION TRAITS IN INDIGENOUS BALKAN GOAT IN MACEDONIA
(Macedonian Journal of Animal Science, 2017)
Pacinovski, Nikola
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GEORGE DIMOV
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The purpose of this research was to determine the average values of certain exterior measures and production traits in goats of the indigenous Balkan breed in the Republic of Macedonia as well as to study their mutual correlation dependence. It was determined that the average body weight of the goats of Balkan breed is about 44 kg, whereas the values of the other exterior measures were: height of withers 65.40 cm, height of back 63.67 cm, height of sacrum 65 cm, body length 65 cm, chest width 21.73 cm, chest depth 25.23 cm, size of chest 82.40 cm, rump width 19.92 cm, rump length 23.05 cm. The average lactation was 166 litres. Regarding the strength of the correlation, the general conclusion is that there is a relatively weak correlation (0.2 ≤ R < 0.5) between most of the exterior measures. An average strong correlation (0.5 ≤ R < 0.8) was determined between the height of the sacrum and the height of withers and the height of the back, between the length of the body and body weight, as well as between the chest size and the width and length of rump. A strong correlation (0.8 ≤ R < 1) was determined between the height of withers and height of the back, as well as between the chest size and body weight. With the analysis of the correlative dependence of the lactation with the other exterior measures, it was determined that the lactation is not in correlation with most of the exterior measures, but there is an insignificant correlation (0 < R < 0.2) with part of them (height of sacrum, chest size and length of rump).
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THE CONTENT OF MACRO AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN CURD AND TRADITIONAL WHITE BRINED CHEESE
(VETERINARIJA IR ZOOTECHNIKA (Vet Med Zoot), 2017)
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Pacinovski, Nikola
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Bacheva, Katerina
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The content of macro and trace elements in curd samples and white brined cheese produced from raw ewes’ milk using a traditional technology in different regions in Macedonia is the subject of this study. The cheese is manufactured in households located in regions exposed to different levels of anthropogenic pressure. The content of 19 elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, and Zn) is analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) after performed microwave digestion. The highest values of Ca, Mg, K and P are observed in curd samples collected from a household near the city of Skopje with concentration of 2139-3343 mg/kg, 103-196 mg/kg, 313-545 mg/kg and 942-1499 mg/kg, respectively. The cheese samples contain 732- 4549 mg/kg (Ca), 35.8-176 mg/kg (Mg), 63-344 mg/kg (K), 496-2138 mg/kg (P) and 3231-12828 mg/kg (Na). The non standardized procedures for cheese production and the low quality equipment for cheese production has affected the content of macro and trace elements in the end product. The content of Ag, As, Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in all of the analyzed samples was below the detection limit although some households are exposed to environmental contamination with heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn). In cheese, the content of Cu (2.49 to 8.08 mg/kg) shows higher content in all collected samples. The content of Fe is in the range of 3.81-12.09 mg/kg, Mn 0.12-0.70 mg/kg, Zn 4.21-18.33 mg/kg and Cr 0.04-0.14 mg/kg. The results of this study show that the traditional white brined cheese is safe for consumption.
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Content of major and trace elements in raw ewes’ milk used for production of traditional white brined cheese
(Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 2017)
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Pacinovski, Nikola
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Bacheva Katerina
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The content of minerals (major and trace elements) in raw ewes’ milk produced in traditional way in different regions in Macedonia is the subject of this study. The households from where the milk samples were collected are exposed to different levels of anthropogenic pressure. The concentration of 17 elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, and Zn) was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) after performing microwave digestion. The analyses of ewes’ milk did not show any significant variation in the levels of major elements. The concentration of Ca, Mg, Na and P were in the range of 1131-2070 mg.kg-1, 98.3-183 mg.kg-1, 223-400 mg.kg-1 and 569-1080 mg.kg-1, respectively. The levels of Ag, As, Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in all the analyzed milk samples were below the detection limit although some households were located in areas exposed to environmental contamination with heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn). The raw ewes’ milk contains Cu in the range of 0.66-1.47 mg.kg-1, Fe of 1.42-3.82 mg.kg-1, Mn of 0.04-0.16 mg.kg-1 and Zn of 2.90-6.27 mg.kg-1. The soil composition, the traditional utensils and containers used for milk storage correlated with higher concentration of trace elements (Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn) in some of the analyzed milk samples. The obtained results point out that ewes’ milk produced in households and used for manufacturing of traditional dairy products is safe for consumption.

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