Institute of Animal Science

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Effects of water contamination with heavy metals on pigmented macrophages in spleen of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman) from three rivers in the North-Eastern region of North Macedonia
(Hrvatski Prirodoslovno Drustvo (Croatian Society for Natural Sciences), 2022-07-01)
Ivanova, Lozenka
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Dragun, Zrinka
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Kostov, Vasil
Background and purpose: Pigmented macrophage aggregates (PMAs) are a part of the immune system of fish and are considered as valuable biomarkers of the impact of water pollution on fish health.Materials and methods: Immunomodulatory effect of water contaminated with high levels of metals on spleen and splenic PMAs of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis) (n=129) was examined in two seasons, spring, and autumn 2012. For this purpose, three rivers were chosen: the Zletovska River, heavily contaminated with metals, the Kriva River, moderately contaminated with metals combined with high level of organic matter, and the Bregalnica River, without heavy metal contamination. Spleen masses and splenosomatic indices (SSI) were used for determining the general impact of water contamination on the immune system of Vardar chub. Moreover, volumes and numbers of PMAs within spleen tissue were determined stereologically.Results: The isolated effect of high exposure to metals caused the reduction of spleen mass and/or SSI in the fish from the Zletovska River. The combined effect of exposure to metals and high levels of nutrients in the fish from the Kriva River referred to stimulation of PMAs response, namely increased volumes of splenic PMAs. The existence of seasonally dependent differences was noted since the observed variability in PMAs between rivers occurred only in the autumn.Conclusions: Splenic PMAs in the Vardar chub can be used as an additional biomarker of metal pollution, but with caution, since enhancement of the volumes and numbers of MACs depends on the exposure level of heavy metals, on the presence of the other contaminants, as well as on the physiological condition of the fish.</jats:p>
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Effects of water contamination with heavy metals on pigmented macrophages in spleen of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman) from three rivers in the North-Eastern region of North Macedonia
(Hrvatski Prirodoslovno Drustvo (Croatian Society for Natural Sciences), 2022-07-01)
Ivanova, Lozenka
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Dragun, Zrinka
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Kostov, Vasil
Background and purpose: Pigmented macrophage aggregates (PMAs) are a part of the immune system of fish and are considered as valuable biomarkers of the impact of water pollution on fish health.Materials and methods: Immunomodulatory effect of water contaminated with high levels of metals on spleen and splenic PMAs of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis) (n=129) was examined in two seasons, spring, and autumn 2012. For this purpose, three rivers were chosen: the Zletovska River, heavily contaminated with metals, the Kriva River, moderately contaminated with metals combined with high level of organic matter, and the Bregalnica River, without heavy metal contamination. Spleen masses and splenosomatic indices (SSI) were used for determining the general impact of water contamination on the immune system of Vardar chub. Moreover, volumes and numbers of PMAs within spleen tissue were determined stereologically.Results: The isolated effect of high exposure to metals caused the reduction of spleen mass and/or SSI in the fish from the Zletovska River. The combined effect of exposure to metals and high levels of nutrients in the fish from the Kriva River referred to stimulation of PMAs response, namely increased volumes of splenic PMAs. The existence of seasonally dependent differences was noted since the observed variability in PMAs between rivers occurred only in the autumn.Conclusions: Splenic PMAs in the Vardar chub can be used as an additional biomarker of metal pollution, but with caution, since enhancement of the volumes and numbers of MACs depends on the exposure level of heavy metals, on the presence of the other contaminants, as well as on the physiological condition of the fish.</jats:p>
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Evaluation of histopathological alterations in the gills of Vardar chub ( Squalius vardarensis Karaman) as an indicator of river pollution
(Elsevier BV, 2015-08)
Barišić, Josip
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Dragun, Zrinka
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Ramani, Sheriban
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Filipović Marijić, Vlatka
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Krasnići, Nesrete
Quanti!cation of histopathological alterations in the gills of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman) was performed in 2012 in rivers of north-eastern Macedonia, with the aim to examine the effects of water quality in the rivers (Zletovska and Kriva River-impacted by active Pb/Zn mines; Bregalnica River- contaminated by agricultural waste). The biological alterations in chub were classi!ed as: circulatory disturbances, regressive and progressive changes, but their severity differed. Altogether the mildest changes were observed in the gills of chub from the Bregalnica River, a less polluted river, whereas mining impacted rivers were characterized by more severe alterations. In the gills of chub from the Zletovska River, which is highly contaminated with numerous metals, sulphates and chlorides, the highest lesion indices were found for the regressive changes of both epithelium and supporting tissue, with typical lesions referring to atrophy, thinning and lifting of epithelial cells, necrosis of epithelium and chloride cells, as well as deformations of lamellar cartilaginous base. Gill damages of chub from the Kriva River were overall milder compared to the Zletovska River, in accordance with pollution status. In the gills of chub from that river, progressive changes were more pronounced, speci!cally severe hyperplasia of mucous cells and epithelium in the interlammellar space, leading to fusion of lamellae, as well as hypertrophy of chloride cells. The comparison between seasons indicated higher intensity of progressive changes in all three rivers in autumn, when water level was very low, and consequently, water con- tamination was more pronounced due to concentration effect. The pattern and severity of histopatho- logical alterations in the chub gills re"ected differences in contamination levels and type of contaminants in different rivers and sampling periods, and thus have been proven as a valuable indicator of water quality
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The influence of probiotic-enriched feed on Fulton’s coefficient and body mass of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) reared in an intensive cage system
(Hrvatsko Agronomsko Drustvo, 2025-06-30)
Manevska, Irina
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Kostov, Vasil
In this research, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was observed in two experimental groups with a probiotic-enriched feed. Group A received a lower concentration of probiotics and Group B a higher concentration of probiotics in the feed. The fish in the Control Group (C) did not receive any probiotics in their feed. Fulton’s condition factor and body mass were monitored by five control measurements. During the five control periods, the average body mass of the common carp in the Experimental Groups A and B displayed the significantly higher values when compared with the Control Group. Fulton’s condition factor was significantly lower in the Control Group (C) than in the two experimental groups, while no statistically significant difference was detected between the Groups A and B. These results indicate that a probiotic supplementation in aquacultural feed has a positive effect on the fish growth and its overall condition.</jats:p>
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Pollution impact on metal and biomarker responses in intestinal cytosol of freshwater fish
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023-05)
Filipović Marijić, Vlatka
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Krasnići, Nesrete
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Valić, Damir
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Kapetanović, Damir
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Vardić Smrzlić, Irena
In the present study, essential and nonessential metal content and biomarker responses were investigated in the intestine of fish collected from the areas polluted by mining. Our objective was to determine metal and biomarker levels in tissue responsible for dietary intake, which is rarely studied in water pollution research. The study was conducted in the Bregalnica River, reference location, and in the Zletovska and Kriva Rivers (the Republic of North Macedonia), which are directly influenced by the active mines Zletovo and Toranica, respectively. Biological responses were analyzed in Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis; Karaman, 1928), using for the first time intestinal cytosol as a potentially toxic cell fraction, since metal sensitivity is mostly associated with cytosol. Cytosolic metal levels were higher in fish under the influence of mining (Tl, Li, Cs, Mo, Sr, Cd, Rb, and Cu in the Zletovska River and Cr, Pb, and Se in the Kriva River compared to the Bregalnica River in both seasons). The same trend was evident for total proteins, biomarkers of general stress, and metallothioneins, biomarkers of metal exposure, indicating cellular disturbances in the intestine, the primary site of dietary metal uptake. The association of cytosolic Cu and Cd at all locations pointed to similar pathways and homeostasis of these metallothionein-binding metals. Comparison with other indicator tissues showed that metal concentrations were higher in the intestine of fish from mining-affected areas than in the liver and gills. In general, these results indicated the importance of dietary metal pathways, and cytosolic metal fraction in assessing pollution impacts in freshwater ecosystems.
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INFLUENCE OF PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTED FEED ON GROWTH RATE OF COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio L.) IN AN INTENSIVE CAGE-CULTURED SYSTEM
(University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje Institute of Animal and Fishery Science, 2024)
Manevska, Irina
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Panchevski, Ivica
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Kostova, Marija
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Atanasova Panchevska, Natalija
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Kostov, Vasil
As a new technology solution, probiotic fish feed supplementation was the initial approach for this experiment to assess the influence of probiotic-supplemented food on the growth rate of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The experimental design was set in a registered cage farm in a reservoir. For the trial, three cages were dimensioned. Two experimental groups were observed (A – with lower probiotic concentration, and B – with higher probiotic concentration) and a control group C, without probiotic feed addition. An equal number of 323 carp individuals were stocked in each group. The experiment was conducted over 180 days. The growth rate was evaluated during the experimental trial. The carp fed with probiotic-supplemented feed with lower concentration had a positive impact on growth rate (GR) (total, specific, and individual GR), i.e. carp individuals in group A during the first and the second phase, compared with control group C.
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DYNAMICS OF THE PLANKTON COMMUNITY ROTIFERA, CRUSTACEA (COPEPODA AND CLADOCERA) FROM ONE HORIZONTAL AND THREE VERTICAL PROFILES IN THE KOZJAK RESERVOIR
(Srpsko društvo za zaštitu voda, 2025)
Manevska, Irina
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Tasevska, Orhideja
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Slavevska Stamenković, Valentina
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Hinić Jordanovska, Jelena
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Kostova, Marija
The Kozjak Reservoir, as the largest artificial lake in North Macedonia, is characterized by high ecological and hydrological significance. This study focuses on the dynamics of zooplankton communities, specifically Rotifera, Crustacea (Copepoda and Cladocera), through research conducted along one horizontal and three vertical profiles within the reservoir. Zooplankton, as a key component of the ecosystem, was analyzed to determine its density and species diversity at different depths and profiles. The highest community density was recorded in the thermocline layers at a depth of 6 meters. During the summer period, Bdelloidea and Diaphanosoma populations dominate, while integrated samples show a significant presence of Eudiaptomus. Saprobiological analysis indicates β-mesosaprobic characteristics of the water, with values ranging from 1.2 to 2.6. These findings provide a basis for further understanding of the ecology of the Kozjak Reservoir and its biological productivity.</jats:p>
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ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF COAL MINING AND PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT OPERATIONS ON THE MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY IN OSLOMEJ RESERVOIR AND TEMNICA RIVER (NORTH MACEDONIA)
(Srpsko društvo za zaštitu voda, 2025)
null, null
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Hinić Jordanovska, Jelena
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Slavevska -Stamenković, Valentina
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null, null
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Manevska, Irina
Coal mining and photovoltaic power plant operation significantly impact the macroinvertebrate communities in freshwater ecosystems due to changes in water quality and habitat structure resulting from dramatic erosion processes. Therefore, monitoring the macroinvertebrate community serves as an important indicator of ecological health. This study presents the ecosystem conditions in Oslomej reservoir and river Temnica based on the aquatic invertebrate community. The obtained results showed that Oslomej reservoir and river Temnica suffer habitat degradation and put up with different pollutants, introduced through the soil and sediment that entered the reservoir and the river during the construction of the PV Oslomej 3, as well as from previous acid mine drainage from the coal mine “Oslomej”.</jats:p>
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FIRST RECORD OF COMMON BREAM, ABRAMIS BRAMA (LINNAEUS, 1758), INTRODUCED TO THE VARDAR RIVER BASIN, REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
(University Ss. Ciril and Methodius in Skopje, 2015)
Kostov, Vasil
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Nastova, Rodne
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Gjorgjovska, Natasha
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Ušlinovska, Irina
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Arsovska, Julijana
This is the first record of the common bream, Abramis brama (Linnaeus, 1758), introduced into the Tikvesh Reservoir, Crna Reka river, as a part of the Vardar river basin in the Republic of Macedonia. Twenty-two specimens of this cyprinid fish species were captured in the Tikvesh Reservoir on October 2014. Two of them were immediately frozen for further analysis in the laboratory at the Institute of Animal Science – Fishery Department. The distin- guishing morphometric and meristic features – fin ray formulae (D III/10, A III/26, P I/15, V II/8), lateral lines with 53 scales, a deep body, and a small head and eyes – are in accordance with those reported for the species Abramis brama. The two fish were aged 5+. Their further spread in Republic of Macedonia is to be expected.
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The effect of different pollutants exposure on the pigment content of pigmented macrophage aggregates in the spleen of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman, 1928)
(Wiley, 2020-09)
Ivanova, Lozenka
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Dragun, Zrinka
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Kostov, Vasil
Pigmented macrophage aggregates (MAs) are known to change under influence of various factors, such as aging, season, starvation, and/or pollution. In this study, changes in the pigment content of the MAs in the spleen of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis, Karaman) (n = 129) collected in spring and autumn, from three rivers with different pollution impact was examined: Zletovska River (metals), Kriva River (metals and municipal wastewater), and Bregalnica River (municipal wastewater). Collected data revealed increased relative volume and number of MAs containing hemosiderin under the influence of metals, significant in autumn (p < .05). In chub exposed to metals combined with municipal wastewater, significant increase of lipochrome accumulation in MAs in autumn, melanin in MAs in fish captured in the spring season, and number of splenic MAs containing combination of melanin and lipochrome was noted. Volumes and number of MAs containing combination of hemosiderin and lipochrome increased in spleen of fish captured in autumn from both Zletovska River and Kriva River, most likely due to the contribution of hemosiderin and lipochrome, respectively. Values measured for the various pigments in splenic MAs in fish captured from Bregalnica River, were overall closer to the values measured for fish captured from Kriva River. Notably, melanin and lipochrome are more likely to be found in fish from waters influenced by municipal wastewater (organic pollution) and hemosiderin in fish spleen from water influenced by mining activity (heavy metals pollution).

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