Faculty of Pharmacy

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Phytoremediation potential of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) - A sustainable approach to mitigate soil contamination while supporting pharmaceutical applications
(2025-05-27)
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Gjorgjievska, Jovana
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Todorov, Filip
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Stoilkovska Gjorgievska, Veronika
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is recognized for its medicinal properties and potential as a phytoremediation agent. [1,2] This study assesses its ability to absorb heavy metals and decontaminate soils while preserving pharmacological efficacy. Soil and plant samples were collected from eight locations in North Macedonia during different vegetative phases. Mechanical and pedological soil analyses were conducted to characterize soil composition, while heavy metal concentrations in soil and plant material were evaluated using ICP-AES. Silymarin content in the plant and seeds was determined via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The soils exhibited significant variability in heavy metal content. Lead (Pb) levels ranged from 25 to 107 mg/kg, cadmium (Cd) from 0.1 to 1.3 mg/kg, and zinc (Zn) from 14 to 203 mg/kg. Notably, lead and cadmium levels in plant material were below detection limits, confirming minimal accumulation, whereas zinc levels varied significantly, peaking in urban areas. Silymarin content ranged from 0.02% to 0.16% in plant material, with seeds exhibiting higher concentrations (1.14%), demonstrating the plant's resilience and pharmacological viability in contaminated environments. These results highlight the adaptability of milk thistle to diverse soil conditions and its capacity to accumulate metals without compromising silymarin production. By combining phytoremediation with medicinal plant cultivation, milk thistle offers a sustainable approach to mitigating soil contamination while supporting pharmaceutical applications. This study provides critical insights for integrating environmental restoration with the production of high-value medicinal plants.
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Assessment of cytotoxic impact of wild grown Lavandula angustifolia essential oil encapsulated in liposomes and nanoemulsions on DU145 cancer cell line
(Marmara University Press, 2024-12)
Mimoza BASHOLLI-SALIHU
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Aida LOSHAJ-SHALA
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Art ÇUNAKU
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Venesa LUPÇI
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Ufuk BAǦCI
The cytotoxic activity of free and nanoencapsulated essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia (LEO) was evaluated in this study. The aim was to produce different nanoformulations (NF) of LEO to improve the physicochemical properties of NF and the cytotoxic activity of LEO in the DU145 cancer cell line. Essential oil-based liposomes (LEO-Lipoid S100, -Ph 85G, and -Ph 90H) and nanoemulsions (LEO-NE) were prepared by ethanol injection method and high-pressure homogenization, respectively. LEO demonstrates measurable in vitro cytotoxic activity against the DU145 cell line (IC50 75 μg/mL). NE and Ph90H LS significantly enhanced its cytotoxic activity, while LEOLipoid S100 LS and LEO-Ph 85G LS showed no significant difference. LEO-Ph 90H LS and LEO-NE demonstrate stable nanosystems and enhanced cytotoxic potential against the DU-145 cancer cell line, suggesting promising therapeutic benefits for future application. Further studies involving in vivo experiments are necessary to validate and extend these findings.
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Characterization of physicochemical properties of substances using chromatographic separation methods
(Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association, 2020-10-29)
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Green potentiometric method for determination of sildenafil citrate in pharmaceutical dosage forms
(International Organization Of Scientific Research (IOSR), 2023-10)
Irena Maksimoska,
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Hrisanta Godzo,
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Irena Slavevska Spirevska,
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Background: The main challenge of the pharmaceutical industry in the last years is to implement eco-friendly methods in quality control of medicines based on the principles of green analytical chemistry. In this study, green analytical method for potentiometric titration of sildenafil citrate (SC) in film-coated tablets was optimized and validated. Materials and Methods: The quantitative determination of sildenafil citrate in film-coated tablets, dissolved in 50 mL 1% (v/v) Polysorbate 80 solution, was performed using potentiometric titration with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Validation of the method included linear regression analysis based on eleven different quantities of the sildenafil citrate, active substance and determination of specificity, precision and accuracy in accordance with ICH guideline. Results: The use of polysorbate 80 as a solubilization agent enabled elimination of the toxic organic solvents needed for non-aqueous potentiometric titration of active pharmaceutical ingredients with low solubility. The obtained results from method validation study confirm the linearity of the method. Statistical evaluation of the data obtained from regression analysis confirm that the method is acceptable for determination of the content of SC in API. The recovery values (98.0 % - 102.0 %), the obtained results for the relative standard deviation (below 0.5%) and F test confirm the accuracy and precision of the method. The results obtained from the method validation study comply to the defined acceptance criteria, confirming the applicability of the proposed method. Conclusion: The proposed method is applicable for determination of the content of SC in raw material, as well as in finished product (tablets). The method implements the principles of green analytical chemistry, providing one possible approach for overcoming the challenges of the pharmaceutical industry for transfer of non-green methods used in quality control into green and environment friendly methods.
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Green RP-HPLC method for impurity profile of amlodipine in tablets
(Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science (CEON/CEES), 2024)
Gigopulu, Olga
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Godzo, Hrisanta
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Atanasovska, Biljana
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Zafirova-Gjorgievska, Marija
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<jats:p>Increased awareness of nature preservation has encouraged the introduction of the green analytical chemistry (GAC) practice concepts concerning several important aspects, including sustainable development, environmental impact, and minimum waste. The aim of this research was to contribute to the implementation of this approach for the pharmaceutical industry while retaining the crucial aspects and strict requirements of quality control of medicines. Therefore, an ethanolbased, green and robust high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of related substances of amlodipine (AML) in film-coated tablets was developed and optimized using the Design of Experiments (DoE). The chromatographic separation was performed on an RP-select B column (250 x 4.0 mm, 5 mm), using a mixture of 0.04 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate (pH 4.0) and ethanol (60:40 % v/v) as a mobile phase. The optimized conditions provided the separation of two specified impurities (impurity D and impurity F). The selectivity of the method was confirmed using forced degradation studies. The Analytical Eco-scale approach and AGREE metrics confirmed that the method conforms to the GAC principles. The validated method was successfully applied for the determination of related substances in three samples from the market, demonstrating the applicability of the method in routine analysis.</jats:p>
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Sustainable and white HPLC method for simultaneous determination of amlodipine and atorvastatin in film-coated tablet
(Elsevier BV, 2024-02)
Tomikj, Marija
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Božinovska, Marijana
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Anevska-Stojanovska, Natasha
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Lazova, Jelena
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Eco-friendly RP-HPLC method for determination of diazepam in coated tablet
(Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, 2023-12-24)
Tomić, Marija
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Božinovska, Marijana
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Anevska-Stojanovska, Nataša
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Lazova, Jelena
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<jats:p>A new eco-friendly RP-HPLC method for determining diazepam in coated tablets was developed and validated. The separation was achieved on a Lichrosper® 100 RP-18 (250 mm × 4 mm, 5 µm particle size) using the isocratic elution mode with a mobile phase composed of a mixture of water (H2O) and ethanol (EtOH) in a 40:60 (v/v %) ratio and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The injection volume was 10 μL, and the detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. The column temperature was maintained at 35 ºC. The method was validated according to the ICH guideline, emphasizing selectivity/specificity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The analytical method greenness score and Eco-scale approach were used for the method’s greenness assessment. The method was applied to determine the assay of diazepam in coated tablets and the uniformity of dosage units by content uniformity. Applying the method proposed in this study in the pharmaceutical industry is considered environmentally sustainable. It would bring benefits in terms of a safer working environment and reduction of toxic waste formation without compromising the reliability of the analytical results.</jats:p>
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Experience-based insights for switching to greener chromatographic methods
(Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association, 2023-09)
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Zafirova, Marija
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Petrovska-Dimitrievska, Gabriela
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Green RP-HPLC methods for assay and related substances in rivaroxaban tablets
(Akademiai Kiado Zrt., 2023-11-29)
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Gjorgievska, Marija Zafirova
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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>In this study, two different ethanol-based RP-HPLC methods for assay and quantification of rivaroxaban related substances in tablets were developed, based on green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles, using the design of experiments approach. The chromatographic separation was performed on X-Bridge C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size), using isocratic elution with ethanol : water (35:65, % <jats:italic>v/v</jats:italic>) for the assay and gradient elution with ethanol/water mobile phase, for related substances, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. The gradient method was optimized for the separation of three specified impurities (impurity G, impurity H, and impurity 14) and the selectivity was further confirmed using forced degradation studies. Both methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. The robustness of the methods was confirmed with the Central Composite Face Design of Experiments. Analytical Eco-scale approach and AGREE metrics confirmed that both methods are in accordance with the GAC principles. The proposed ethanol-based RP-HPLC methods were applied for assay and determination of related substances in rivaroxaban 10 mg tablets obtained from three different manufacturers available on the Macedonian market.</jats:p>
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Design and development of bioinspired PEG-ylated nanoliposomes loaded with rosemary extract for treatment of Alzheimer's disease
(2023-07-13)
Dushko Shalabalija
Literature data suggest that the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), is associated with the state of oxidative stress. Hence, the use of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules, such as polyphenols present in the rosemary extract (RE), is recommended as a useful strategy for preventing AD progression. Taking into consideration the limitations arising from the poor systemic bioavailability of these compounds, and additionally, the complexity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the development of nanoliposomes is considered to be suitable and effective solution for transport of the extract across BBB, with the possibility of targeted brain delivery, and thus, successful AD treatment. In this direction, non-PEG-ylated empty nanoliposome formulations (NLs) were firstly formulated, while the further steps involved preparation and characterization of NLs with a polymer for steric stabilization (PEG) and subsequently, PEG-ylated NLs with encapsulated RE. In order to obtain the optimal formulations, central composite design was implemented. In this phase of the research, 20 different NLs formulations were prepared with a modified method of dry lipid film hydration and were completely characterized in terms of physico-chemical and biopharmaceutical properties. The optimal nanoliposomal formulations were characterized with mean size ~ 120 nm, narrow unimodal distribution (SPAN ~ 1) and a negative zeta potential (from -18.50 to -48.3 mV). The encapsulation of the rosmarinic acid (RA) in the liposomal vesicles was ~ 90%, while the in vitro release within 24 hours ranged from 24.83 - 48.39%. These results indicated that the prepared nanoliposomes have high encapsulation efficacy and the rosmarinic acid follows prolonged and controlled release in a period of 24 hours. All optimal nanoliposomal samples showed a statistically significant higher antioxidant capacity (> 94.15%) compared to the extract (RE) (90.04%). The lowest percentage of adsorbed proteins in the plasma of healthy volunteers and the plasma from patients with AD, was obtained for the formulation with the highest amount of polyethilene glycol (PEG) on its surface, while IR-ATR spectroscopic analysis of the liposome-protein complex indicated that this same formulation provided a stronger hydrogen bonding between PEG and Bovine Serum Albumin. The results obtained from the in vitro viability and cytotoxicity assays on BBB cells (hCMEC/D3) and neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) in a period of 24 hours, after their treatment with 3 different concentrations of blank nanoliposome samples (5, 10 and 100 μg/mL ) did not show a significant decrease in the cell viability, nor a violation of the integrity of their cell membrane. In the comparative studies of quantitative cellular uptake of fluorescently labeled blank NLs formulations by these two cell lines it was found that the concentration of the nano-vesicles and the incubation time play an essential role on the percentage of their internalization. In addition, all tested fluorescently labeled blank NLs formulations followed energy-dependent transport of endocytosis and passive diffusion, while the transport studies on the combined hCMEC/D3/SH-SY5Y cell lines confirmed the successful transport of the nanoformulations across the BBB cells and their subsequent uptake by neurons (ranging from 25.17 to 27.54%). Micro-Raman spectras confirmed the successful internalization of the nano-vesicles, while the fluorescence and confocal microscopy micrographs revealed that the internalized nanoliposomes co-localize in the perinuclear cell regions.

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