Faculty of Pharmacy
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Item type:Publication, Biochemical insights into cannabidiol–endocannabinoid system interactions in the regulation of metabolic pathways(Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, 2025-12-26) ;Xhemaili, Elona ;Rafailovska, Elena; ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Unlocking the Antidiabetic Potential of CBD: In Vivo Preclinical Studies(MDPI AG, 2025-03-21) ;Rafailovska, Elena ;Xhemaili, Elona; ; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Mid-infrared spectroscopy as process analytical technology tool for estimation of THC and CBD content in Cannabis flowers and extracts(Elsevier BV, 2021-04-15); ; ; ;Stefov, StefanHuck, Christian WTetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most notable Cannabis components with pharmacological activity and their content in the plant flowers and extracts are considered as critical quality parameters. The new Medical Cannabis industry needs to adopt the quality standards of the pharmaceutical industry, however, the variability of phytocannabinoids content in the plant material often exerts an issue in the inconsistency of the finished product quality parameters. Sampling problems and sample representativeness is a major limitation in the end-point testing, particularly when the expected variation of the product quality parameters is high. Therefore, there is an obvious need for the introduction of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) for continuous monitoring of the critical quality parameters throughout the production processes. Infrared spectroscopy is a promising analytical technique that is consistent with the PAT requirements and its implementation depends on the advances in instrumentation and chemometrics that will facilitate the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the technique. Our present work aims in highlighting the potential of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy as PAT in the quantification of the main phytocannabinoids (THC and CBD), considered as critical quality/material parameters in the production of Cannabis plant and extract. A detailed assignment of the bands related to the molecules of interest (THC, CBD) was performed, the spectral features of the decarboxylation of native flowers were identified, and the specified bands for the acid forms (THCA, CBDA) were assigned and thoroughly explained. Further, multivariate models were constructed for the prediction of both THC and CBD content in extract and flower samples from various origins, and their prediction ability was tested on a separate sample set. Savitskzy-Golay smoothing and the second derivative of the native MIR spectra (1800-400 cm-1 region) resulted in best-fit parameters. The PLS models presented satisfactory R2Y and RMSEP of 0.95 and 3.79% for THC, 0.99 and 1.44% for CBD in the Cannabis extract samples, respectively. Similar statistical indicators were noted for the Partial least-squares (PLS) models for THC and CBD prediction of decarboxylated Cannabis flowers (R2Y and RMSEP were 0.99 and 2.32% for THC, 0.99 and 1.33% for CBD respectively). The VIP plots of all models demonstrated that the THC and CBD distinctive band regions bared the highest importance for predicting the content of the molecules of interest in the respected PLS models. The complexity of the sample (plant tissue or plant extract), the variability of the samples regarding their origin and horticultural maturity, as well as the non-uniformity of the plant material and the flower-ATR crystal contact (in the case of Cannabis flowers) were governing the accuracy descriptors. Taking into account the presented results, ATR-MIR should be considered as a promising PAT tool for THC and CBD content estimation, in terms of critical material and quality parameters for Cannabis flowers and extracts. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Comparative Modeling Approaches in the Development and Evaluation of Silica Nanoparticles as 5-Fluorouracil Carriers using PLS, DoE and GBR(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-11-24) ;Djurdjic, Beti; ;Dimkovska, Teodora; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Comparative Modeling Approaches in the Development and Evaluation of Silica Nanoparticles as 5-Fluorouracil Carriers using PLS, DoE and GBR(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-11-24) ;Djurdjic, Beti; ;Dimkovska, Teodora; - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Novel development of lipid-based formulations: Improved wettability and homogeneous API solid dispersion visualised via near-infrared hyperspectral imaging(Elsevier BV, 2025-11) ;Atanaskova, Elizabeta ;Poms, Johannes ;Wolfgang, Matthias ;Alva, CarolinaMussner, Nadia - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Transformation model to green HPLC methods for lipophilic acidic compounds based on isoeluotropic series of elution solvents(Elsevier BV, 2025-06) ;Trifunovska, Bojana Vulovska ;Atanasova, Ana ;Antovska, Packa ;Lazova, Jelena - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Dimethyl Isosorbide: An Innovative Bio-Renewable Solvent for Sustainable Chromatographic Applications(MDPI AG, 2025-06-24) ;Damjanoska, Aleksandra; ;Petrova, Matilda; The increasing environmental concerns and regulatory restrictions on toxic conventional solvents have driven the search for sustainable alternatives. Dimethyl isosorbide (DMI), a bio-renewable solvent, has shown potential as a replacement for short-chain glycol ethers, although its use as solvent in liquid chromatography (LC) is underexplored. This study presents a physicochemical characterization of DMI with a particular focus on its application as an innovative solvent in LC analyses. The partition coefficient (log P = −0.44) was determined using the OECD 107 method, and viscosity measurements for DMI and its mixtures with water and ethanol were conducted at 25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C. Viscosity ranged from 1.28 mPa·s at 60 °C to 2.62 mPa·s at 40 °C. The Central Composite Face 23 experimental design for studying the chromatographic behavior of DMI confirmed that 50% (v/v) DMI can be effectively utilized in the mobile phases, at a column temperature of 40 °C, with backpressures ranging from 160 to 300 bar and a UV cut-off at 240 nm. Its effectiveness as an eluent in LC was demonstrated for the quantification of methylparaben and propylparaben in pharmaceutical formulations. This study highlights DMI’s promise as a sustainable bio-renewable alternative to conventional organic solvents used as eluents in LC, supporting eco-friendly practices in pharmaceutical analysis. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Understanding the Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectra of Hydrogen‐Tagged Protonated Betaine: Vibrational Confinement Counteracts the Hydrogen Bonding Induced OH Stretching Frequency Downshift(Wiley, 2025-06-11); Pejov, Ljupcho<jats:p>Finite‐temperature vibrational spectra of protonated betaine and its noncovalently bonded clusters with molecular hydrogen are modeled using Lagrangian dynamics with the atom‐centered density matrix propagation (ADMP) scheme. The focus is put on the O-H stretching mode, which serves as a primary indicator of the type and strength of the noncovalent intermolecular interactions. The computed anharmonic OH stretching vibrational frequency shifts in the case of protonated betaine upon tagging with H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> at the OH group site at 40 K are in quantitative agreement with the experimental infrared multiple photon dissociation data. The shifts computed from simulations at 4 K contain only the harmonic contributions. It is found that this is a consequence of vibrational confinement of the O-H oscillator caused by the H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> tagger, which remains close to the vibrating atoms throughout the simulation and counteracts the frequency redshift induced by the weak hydrogen bonding interaction. Changes in the O-H stretching potential, along with a small but observable confinement relaxation at 40 K leads to O-H stretching frequency downshift as compared to 4 K. Application of the two‐trace 2D correlation analysis of the computed vibrational density of states spectra enables a clear distinction between bands of different origin to be made.</jats:p> - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Molecular Hydrogen Acts as a Hydrogen Bond Proton Acceptor: From Protonated Betaine Tagging to the Weakest Hydrogen Bond(American Chemical Society (ACS), 2024-05-09); Pejov, Ljupcho
