Iustinianus Primus Faculty of Law

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Financing and governance of youth policies: The case of Republic of North Macedonia
(2022)
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Nikolovska, Anita
The paper evaluates the current developments of the youth policy in North Macedonia, focusing on the financing and governance mechanisms. Through an overview of the youth policies and key actors in the country, the authors emphasize the inconsistency and lack of continuity in the inclusion of young people in decision-making processes in North Macedonia. Although some progress has been made in the enhancement of the legal and institutional framework for advancing youth policies in the past few years, it is still early to record significant visible results. State financing of youth policies and youth organizations in Republic of North Macedonia and mechanisms for providing public funds for implementation of youth policies still remain as one of the main challenges of the state funding reform that the Government needs to focus on further. Analyzing the management and capacity for policy implementation, we came to conclusion that the newly established Local Youth Councils should provide an institutional channel for influence and representation, direct involvement of young people in decision-making processes, as well as developing and building partnerships between youth and local governments. Finally, we conclude that in the policy making process, the youth can be stable and powerful partner of the central and local government in determining the needs, problems and priorities of the youth, but also in the implementation of plans, measures and policies. However, the reform of the existing model of state funding should be one of the priorities of the government.
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Business Threats and Opportunities in the Western Balkans
(Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2021)
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This book provides a comprehensive outlook of expected long-term economic changes in the Western Balkans, inspiration for involved decision-makers, and ways to leverage the opportunities of the COVID-19 pandemic. It considers how the organizational aspects of enterprises, changes in consumer behavior, the rise of informational technologies, and the expansion of the digital market can create economic growth based on lower carbon consumption and sustainable growth based on green and clean solutions. The length and depth of the current economic crisis will depend on a combination of effective policies, incentives and management systems that can balance between the protection of public health and economic well-being.
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The States in Digital Era: Internet Governance and Improving E-Democracy
(International Academic Institute, 2020)
Aneta Stojanovska-Stefanova
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Marija Magdincheva-Shopova
This paper will make theoretical overview of internet governance and its implementation as a global politics goal for the states. As known, internet governance is the complementary development and application by governments, the private sector, civil society and the technical community, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and activities that shape the evolution and use of the Internet. In the paper is given focus of digitalization as a common global political priority for the states, as well as theoretical descriptive overview of the shared recommendations from the United Nations and Council of Europe related to implementation on internet governance. The paper will emphasize as well on building on line democracy, as well as on improving and straightening e-democracy, protecting human rights and rule of law in digital era. At the end of the paper, we conclude that the power of Information and Communication Technologies have a great potential to accelerate human progress, to ensure that public policy for the Internet is people-centred in order to build democracy online, to protect Internet users, and to ensure respect and protection for human rights online. We will also conclude that in future is also important for the states to ensure that public policy for the Internet is people-centred in order to build democracy online, to protect Internet users, and to ensure respect and protection for human rights online.
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FINANCING AND GOVRENANCE OF YOUTH POLICIES: THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
(Faculty of Law "Iustinianus Primus", 2022)
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Nikolovska, Anita
The paper evaluates the current developments of the youth policy in North Macedonia, focusing on the financing and governance mechanisms. Through an overview of the youth policies and key actors in the country, the authors emphasize the inconsistency and lack of continuity in the inclusion of young people in decision-making processes in North Macedonia. Although some progress has been made in the enhancement of the legal and institutional framework for advancing youth policies in the past few years, it is still early to record significant visible results. State financing of youth policies and youth organizations in Republic of North Macedonia and mechanisms for providing public funds for implementation of youth policies still remain as one of the main challenges of the state funding reform that the Government needs to focus on further. Analyzing the management and capacity for policy implementation, we came to conclusion that the newly established Local Youth Councils should provide an institutional channel for influence and representation, direct involvement of young people in decision-making processes, as well as developing and building partnerships between youth and local governments. Finally, we conclude that in the policy making process, the youth can be stable and powerful partner of the central and local government in determining the needs, problems and priorities of the youth, but also in the implementation of plans, measures and policies. However, the reform of the existing model of state funding should be one of the priorities of the government.
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Lessons Learned From Covid-19 Combat Applicable On Climate Change
(Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 2024)
Aneta Stojanovska-Stefanova
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This book aims to analyze the relationship between the Covid-19 pandemic and climate change, i.e., the degree of impact of Covid-19 on climate change, and the possibilities of response by the competent authorities with appropriate policies in dealing with climate change, as a result of the learned lessons from dealing with the pandemic during the first year of its onset. The Covid-19 pandemic triggered a global medical emergency in March 2020, highlighting that it is not solely a concern for healthcare systems but also a challenge affecting every segment of society. The international scientific community suggests that pandemics may occur more frequently with shorter intervals in the future. Consequently, prevention and international cooperation are not mere options; they are absolute necessities. The urgency and speed of action are as crucial as the need to mobilize resources on a significant scale. This book aims to analyze the relationship between the Covid-19 pandemic and climate change. Specifically, it explores the degree of impact of Covid-19 on climate change and examines the possibilities of response by competent authorities through appropriate policies to address climate change. These insights are drawn from the lessons learned during the first year of dealing with the pandemic The book also presents theoretical-descriptive analysis of lessons learned for the governments due pandemic caused from Covid-19 (coronavirus) that has impact on climate change.
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CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MODERN EUROSCEPTICISM
(Institute Of Economic Development And Social Researches Publications, 2024)
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Understanding euroscepticism goes beyond normative concerns about deepening European integration. It encompasses various aspects of political behavior, identities, public policies, democratic legitimacy, economy, ideology, and more. Euroscepticism is a complex and evolving phenomenon that lacks a universally accepted theoretical framework. Broadly, it denotes opposition to the European Union, whether in its entirety as a supranational entity or in its current structure, form, and political trajectory. Furthermore, euroscepticism manifests across the political spectrum, from left to right. Factors such as economic crises, fiscal policies, and the refugee crisis have intensified negative sentiments toward the EU among its populace. This environment has fostered the growth of eurosceptic parties and groups espousing populist and nationalist agendas. This study aims to delineate the contemporary dimensions of euroscepticism within the EU, following a review of the theoretical framework and essential conceptual clarifications related to euroscepticism. The results indicate that euroscepticism primarily revolves around concerns regarding sovereignty, identity, and the level of trust in national political systems. Additionally, euroscepticism correlates with the two significant crises that have challenged the EU and considerably tarnished its reputation: the economic crisis and the refugee crisis.
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ONLINE MEDIA IN NORTH MACEDONIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES
(IKSAD Publishing House, 2024)
Online media in North Macedonia falls under the same legal framework as traditional media, with laws and regulations governing issues such as freedom of expression, defamation, hate speech, and privacy. The legal framework for online media in North Macedonia includes the Law on Media, which applies to both traditional and online media outlets. This law sets out regulations concerning the registration and operation of media outlets, as well as standards for journalistic ethics and professional conduct. Media outlets are indirectly regulated by multiple laws and regulations that intersect with other areas of law, such as telecommunications and information technology, copyright infringement, cybercrime, and the spread of misinformation or harmful content. However, online media in North Macedonia are not regulated and are subject to self-regulation. The need for strengthening self-regulation of online media has been stated in ethe EC Country Progress Report in the past few years. The global trend of receiving news by online media gives the digital environment the possibility to use algorithms in order to adjust the content to the viewers’ preferences but at the same time the online environment can be used for spreading disinformation. Online media in North Macedonia have become an unregulated space where disinformation has been spread very often for different purposes, and social networks have been used for the same purposes, too. One of the key challenges of the Macedonian media landscape is how ethical and professional principles that apply to traditional media could be also applied to the online media as a growing source of information for the public. The paper analyses the need for changess and development of a legal framework governing online media in North Macedonia in response to technological advancements, changes in societal norms, and international developments.
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THE USE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY IN THE EU
(ISARC INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND ART RESEARCH CENTER, 2024)
Milena Apostolovska-Stepanoska
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Since the inception of the international human rights ("IHR") framework, the principle of subsidiarity has served as a cornerstone of its organizational structure. At its core, subsidiarity asserts that IHR norms are most effectively implemented at the lowest feasible level of national authority. Hence, prior to a supranational or multinational body intervening in a human rights case on a global scale, it is incumbent upon them to ensure that the primary responsibility for addressing the pertinent violation lies with the state concerned. Moreover, subsidiarity dictates that the domestic government should be afforded the optimal opportunity to devise corrective measures even after supranational authorities have investigated or adjudicated on a human rights issue. The significance of the principle of subsidiarity within IHR law can be analyzed from various perspectives. Firstly, regarding its applicability, it's recognized that adherence to decisions made by international bodies with binding authority on human rights cannot be compelled solely through subsidiarity. Thus, within the international framework, the execution of judgments from non-enforcement institutions relies on the coherence of national authorities and their utilization of policing functions to enforce IHR legislation. Moreover, a crucial rationale behind subsidiarity is that domestic authorities are better positioned to serve the objectives of IHR content and implementation accurately and effectively in the event of violations. They possess more expertise than international officials in addressing issues within their own borders. Despite IHR legislation being considered universal, subsidiarity acknowledges that each country maintains sovereignty over incidents within its territory. This recognition underscores respect for national sovereignty. The main aim of this research is to present a critical point of view over the use of the principle of subsidiarity in the EU.
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INTERNATIONAL AND MACEDONIAN LEGAL TREATMENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS OF REFUGEES
(Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, Institute for Research and European Studies - Bitola, 2023)
Runcheva Tasev, Hristina
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Apostolovska Stepanoska, Milena
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Ognjanoska, Leposava
This article aims to provide an overview of the legal framework protecting the right to education of refugees in North Macedonia. The right to education is one of the fundamental human rights guaranteed by many international legal instruments. International treaties are particularly strong on the universality of the right to education. In the first part of the paper, the authors examined various international legal instruments regarding the educational rights of refugees and immigrants. In the second part, the emphasis was placed on the Macedonian legal framework and public policies by examining the incorporation of the norms of international law into the domestic legal order by comparison. As part of the so-called Balkan route, North Macedonia has witnessed mixed migration flows from the Middle East through the Balkans on their way to Central and Western Europe in 2015-2016. Although it has been a transit country for most of the time, there are some asylum seekers whose educational rights were disregarded due to the existing gap between the legislation and implementation. The authors’ conclusion emphasizes the challenges that have to be tackled by di!erent stakeholders in order to facilitate access to education for refugees entirely.
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REPUBLICANISM: ROMAN RES PUBLICA AS AN INSPIRING CONCEPT FOR THE WESTERN CONSTITUTIONAL THOUGHT
(IKSAD Yayınevi – 2021, 2021-10)
Runcheva Tasev, Hristina
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Stojanovska-Stefanova, Aneta
The paper aims to present republicanism as an inspiring democratic idea, advocated and passionately defended by famous philosophers and thinkers, from the founding of the Roman res publica to the present day. Namely, the authors refer to the concept of res publica in ancient Rome and its two meanings: the first meaning is in the context of a political system, political community, i.e. its separation of powers, while the second meaning is related to the time period of Roman history in which there was a new social and political order. The revival of republicanism occurs with the specific development of Italian cities in the late 11th century. The Roman republican ideal has strongly influenced the early modern philosophical thought of Machiavelli, Harrington, Locke, and Montesquieu, and thus exerted a significant influence on the foundations of modern political thought as well as on the basic postulates of Western constitutional law. The authors refer to republicanism as a concept that is inextricably linked to democracy and constitutionalism, but also to freedom as a bearing pillar of republican societies. In their concluding remarks, the authors claim that Republicanism has undoubtedly exerted a significant influence on the foundations of modern political thought, as well as on the basic postulates of Western constitutional law.

Iustinianus Primus Faculty of Law

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